5/6- Reproductive System Continued (Exam 4) Flashcards
What are the 2 Gonadotropic hormones produced by anterior pituitary gland?
1) follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
2) Luteinizing hormone (LH)
What are the 3 functions of FSH and LH?
1) stimulate gamete production-
Spermatoggeneis
Oogenesis
2) stimulate the gonads to secrete sex hormones
3) maintain structure of Gonads
What is the functions of LH and FSH in men?
LH-
Stimulates Leydig cells to produce testosterone
FSH-
Stimulates the seminiferous tubules to initiate spermatogenesis
What is the function of LH and FSH in women?
Relate to menstrual cycle
FSH- cause ovarian follicles (contains egg) to grow
What do the granulosa cells in follicle under FSH produce?
Estrogen
Becomes corona radiata
What is the primary oocyte?
Ovulation egg in follicle
What is the antrum in the follicle?
Fluid
What is the cumulus oophorus in the follicle?
Holds egg
The stem
What is the Graafian follicle?
Fully matured follicle
What is the most common estrogen and what does it do?
Estradiol
Responsible for the female secondary sexual characteristics
Stimulates endometrium to grow and thicken and prepare for pregnancy
Stimulates anterior pituitary gland causing it to increase the production of LH
What is the lining of the uterus called?
Endometrium
What triggers ovulation?
The anterior pituitary gland increasing production of LH
What is the secondary oocyte?
Follicle ruptures and oocyte is ejected
What is the corpus Luteum?
Yellow body
Secretes progesterone and estrogen
If fertilization doesn’t occur it will decrease production of progesterone and estrogen
What does progesterone do?
Causes endometrium to become thick, vascular, and spongy in appearance to prepare for pregnancy
Inhibits anterior pituitary to stop FSH and LH
Prevents further ovulation
What is menstruation or menses?
Endometrium autrophies (cells come off)
Endometrium has blood vessels which break up after endometrium falls causing bleeding
What is chorionic Gonadotropin or human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) (HCG)?
If fertilization doesn’t occur this hormone is secreted by the embryo that arises in early stage
Maintains the presence of corpus Luteum longer time continue to release progesterone and estrogen
Prevents mensuration and needed to maintain pregnancy
What is the placenta?
Interface between the mothers blood and the blood of the child developing in the womb
End of umbilical cord
Secretes steroid hormones and hCG to maintain pregnancy and endometrium
What do the steroid hormones do?
Similar to progesterone and estrogen
will maintain endometrium
Corpus Luteum breaks down
Where gas exchange takes place
What is the zygote?
Single cell
Earliest embryonic stage
Present in ampulla of Fallopian tubes
Goes down Fallopian tube and starts multiplying
What is a morula?
Solid ball of cells
What is a blastula or blastocyst (in humans)?
Hollow ball of cells
Implants in the uterus
What is the inner cell mass?
Compact cluster of cells at one end
Becomes the future person
What is the trophoblast?
Rest of hollow ball of blastocyst
Becomes part of the placenta
Associates with uterine lining
Multiply when uterine lining and Blastocyst contact
What is a blastocoel?
Hollow interior of blastocyst
What’s is the syncytial trophoblast?
Cells break down
Chemicals present that are going to digest or burn its way through the lining of the endometrium
What is implant?
Inner cell mass is going to separate from the wall of the blastocyst
What is the primitive streak?
Structure you see when gastrulation is taking place
What are the 3 germ layers?
1) ectoderm
2) mesoderm
3) endoderm
What is the ectoderm?
Gives rise to outer layer of the skin (epithelium) and nervous system (brain, spine, nerves)
What is endoderm?
Gives rise to lining of the intestinal tract
Some of urinary system
What is mesoderm?
Everything else from the human body
Bones, musculature, urinary system etc
What is the amnion?
Membrane surrounding the outside of our embryo and encases a fluid area
What is the amniotic fluid?
Fluid filled area of the amnion
What is the decidua basilis?
Deep part of membrane wall under embryo
What is the chorion?
Membrane covering everything else
What is the allantois?
Give rise to parts of urinary bladder
What is the yolk sac?
Have material to keep embryo alive on its own
What is the decidua capsularis?
Wall of uterus covering the embryo itself
What is the decidua parietalis?
Most of endometrium
What is the chronic villi?
Finger like processes in chorion
Blood vessels extend out into them
Breaks down on the side if the desidua capsularis- ones left become placenta
What is the umbilical cord?
Extension to reach placenta
What are the umbilical arteries?
Fetal blood goes out to the placenta
Pair of them
Deoxygenated blood
What is the umbilical vein?
Used for fetal blood to return to embryo
Single one
Oxygenated blood
What is organogenesis?
Formation of organs
What is the fetus?
End of first trimester
Starts to look more like a person
What are 3 distinct factors of labor?
1) rise in estrogen production by placenta to stimulate smooth muscle in the uterus wall to begin contractions
2) stimulates posterior pituitary glands to produce oxytocin to increase force and frequency of contractions
3) stimulates endometrium to produce prostaglandin to further contract smooth muscles
What are the 3 stages of labor?
1) dilation
2) expulsion
3) placental stage
What is the dilation stage?
Os widens
Fetus moves toward cervical canal
amniochorionic membrane ruptures
What is the amniochorionic membrane?
Amnion and chorion layers fuse and form single layer
“Water breaks”
What is the expulsion stage?
Cervix is fully dilated
contractions are at their max capacity and 2-3 mins apart
Continues until fetus is pushed out of womb
What is delivery/ birth?
Child pushed out of womb
What is the placental stage?
Must get rid of placenta
Muscle tension builds
Organ decreases in size
Contractions rip connection between placenta and endometrium
What is after birth?
Ejection of placenta
What are mammary glands?
Where mammals get their name
Highly modified sweat glands
Consist of lobes that divided into lobules that contain alveoli
What secretes the milk?
Alveoli
What is a nipple used for?
To give the baby something to hold while nursing
What 2 hormones does nursing stimulate?
Prolactin
- stimulates milk production
- anterior pituitary gland
Oxytocin
- contraction of smooth muscle in breast to eject milk
- produced in hypothalamus
- stored for release in posterior pituitary gland
What is the milk ejection reflux or milk let down?
Oxytocin contracts smooth muscle in breast do milk can eject
What does breast feeding inhibit and why?
Secretion of gonadotropic hormones (FSH and LH)
Reducing the chances of getting pregnant during this time
What is the extraembryonic membranes?
Membrane outside of embryo
Made from germ layers
