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A & P 2 LECTURE > 5/6- Reproductive System Continued (Exam 4) > Flashcards

5/6- Reproductive System Continued (Exam 4) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 Gonadotropic hormones produced by anterior pituitary gland?

A

1) follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

2) Luteinizing hormone (LH)

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2
Q

What are the 3 functions of FSH and LH?

A

1) stimulate gamete production-
Spermatoggeneis
Oogenesis

2) stimulate the gonads to secrete sex hormones
3) maintain structure of Gonads

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3
Q

What is the functions of LH and FSH in men?

A

LH-
Stimulates Leydig cells to produce testosterone

FSH-
Stimulates the seminiferous tubules to initiate spermatogenesis

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4
Q

What is the function of LH and FSH in women?

A

Relate to menstrual cycle

FSH- cause ovarian follicles (contains egg) to grow

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5
Q

What do the granulosa cells in follicle under FSH produce?

A

Estrogen

Becomes corona radiata

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6
Q

What is the primary oocyte?

A

Ovulation egg in follicle

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7
Q

What is the antrum in the follicle?

A

Fluid

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8
Q

What is the cumulus oophorus in the follicle?

A

Holds egg

The stem

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9
Q

What is the Graafian follicle?

A

Fully matured follicle

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10
Q

What is the most common estrogen and what does it do?

A

Estradiol

Responsible for the female secondary sexual characteristics

Stimulates endometrium to grow and thicken and prepare for pregnancy

Stimulates anterior pituitary gland causing it to increase the production of LH

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11
Q

What is the lining of the uterus called?

A

Endometrium

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12
Q

What triggers ovulation?

A

The anterior pituitary gland increasing production of LH

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13
Q

What is the secondary oocyte?

A

Follicle ruptures and oocyte is ejected

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14
Q

What is the corpus Luteum?

A

Yellow body

Secretes progesterone and estrogen

If fertilization doesn’t occur it will decrease production of progesterone and estrogen

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15
Q

What does progesterone do?

A

Causes endometrium to become thick, vascular, and spongy in appearance to prepare for pregnancy

Inhibits anterior pituitary to stop FSH and LH

Prevents further ovulation

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16
Q

What is menstruation or menses?

A

Endometrium autrophies (cells come off)

Endometrium has blood vessels which break up after endometrium falls causing bleeding

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17
Q

What is chorionic Gonadotropin or human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) (HCG)?

A

If fertilization doesn’t occur this hormone is secreted by the embryo that arises in early stage

Maintains the presence of corpus Luteum longer time continue to release progesterone and estrogen

Prevents mensuration and needed to maintain pregnancy

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18
Q

What is the placenta?

A

Interface between the mothers blood and the blood of the child developing in the womb

End of umbilical cord

Secretes steroid hormones and hCG to maintain pregnancy and endometrium

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19
Q

What do the steroid hormones do?

A

Similar to progesterone and estrogen

will maintain endometrium

Corpus Luteum breaks down

Where gas exchange takes place

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20
Q

What is the zygote?

A

Single cell

Earliest embryonic stage

Present in ampulla of Fallopian tubes

Goes down Fallopian tube and starts multiplying

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21
Q

What is a morula?

A

Solid ball of cells

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22
Q

What is a blastula or blastocyst (in humans)?

A

Hollow ball of cells

Implants in the uterus

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23
Q

What is the inner cell mass?

A

Compact cluster of cells at one end

Becomes the future person

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24
Q

What is the trophoblast?

A

Rest of hollow ball of blastocyst

Becomes part of the placenta

Associates with uterine lining

Multiply when uterine lining and Blastocyst contact

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25
Q

What is a blastocoel?

A

Hollow interior of blastocyst

26
Q

What’s is the syncytial trophoblast?

A

Cells break down

Chemicals present that are going to digest or burn its way through the lining of the endometrium

27
Q

What is implant?

A

Inner cell mass is going to separate from the wall of the blastocyst

28
Q

What is the primitive streak?

A

Structure you see when gastrulation is taking place

29
Q

What are the 3 germ layers?

A

1) ectoderm
2) mesoderm
3) endoderm

30
Q

What is the ectoderm?

A

Gives rise to outer layer of the skin (epithelium) and nervous system (brain, spine, nerves)

31
Q

What is endoderm?

A

Gives rise to lining of the intestinal tract

Some of urinary system

32
Q

What is mesoderm?

A

Everything else from the human body

Bones, musculature, urinary system etc

34
Q

What is the amnion?

A

Membrane surrounding the outside of our embryo and encases a fluid area

35
Q

What is the amniotic fluid?

A

Fluid filled area of the amnion

36
Q

What is the decidua basilis?

A

Deep part of membrane wall under embryo

37
Q

What is the chorion?

A

Membrane covering everything else

38
Q

What is the allantois?

A

Give rise to parts of urinary bladder

39
Q

What is the yolk sac?

A

Have material to keep embryo alive on its own

40
Q

What is the decidua capsularis?

A

Wall of uterus covering the embryo itself

41
Q

What is the decidua parietalis?

A

Most of endometrium

42
Q

What is the chronic villi?

A

Finger like processes in chorion

Blood vessels extend out into them

Breaks down on the side if the desidua capsularis- ones left become placenta

43
Q

What is the umbilical cord?

A

Extension to reach placenta

44
Q

What are the umbilical arteries?

A

Fetal blood goes out to the placenta

Pair of them

Deoxygenated blood

45
Q

What is the umbilical vein?

A

Used for fetal blood to return to embryo

Single one

Oxygenated blood

46
Q

What is organogenesis?

A

Formation of organs

47
Q

What is the fetus?

A

End of first trimester

Starts to look more like a person

48
Q

What are 3 distinct factors of labor?

A

1) rise in estrogen production by placenta to stimulate smooth muscle in the uterus wall to begin contractions
2) stimulates posterior pituitary glands to produce oxytocin to increase force and frequency of contractions
3) stimulates endometrium to produce prostaglandin to further contract smooth muscles

49
Q

What are the 3 stages of labor?

A

1) dilation
2) expulsion
3) placental stage

50
Q

What is the dilation stage?

A

Os widens

Fetus moves toward cervical canal

amniochorionic membrane ruptures

51
Q

What is the amniochorionic membrane?

A

Amnion and chorion layers fuse and form single layer

“Water breaks”

52
Q

What is the expulsion stage?

A

Cervix is fully dilated

contractions are at their max capacity and 2-3 mins apart

Continues until fetus is pushed out of womb

53
Q

What is delivery/ birth?

A

Child pushed out of womb

54
Q

What is the placental stage?

A

Must get rid of placenta

Muscle tension builds

Organ decreases in size

Contractions rip connection between placenta and endometrium

55
Q

What is after birth?

A

Ejection of placenta

56
Q

What are mammary glands?

A

Where mammals get their name

Highly modified sweat glands

Consist of lobes that divided into lobules that contain alveoli

57
Q

What secretes the milk?

A

Alveoli

58
Q

What is a nipple used for?

A

To give the baby something to hold while nursing

59
Q

What 2 hormones does nursing stimulate?

A

Prolactin

  • stimulates milk production
  • anterior pituitary gland

Oxytocin

  • contraction of smooth muscle in breast to eject milk
  • produced in hypothalamus
  • stored for release in posterior pituitary gland
60
Q

What is the milk ejection reflux or milk let down?

A

Oxytocin contracts smooth muscle in breast do milk can eject

61
Q

What does breast feeding inhibit and why?

A

Secretion of gonadotropic hormones (FSH and LH)

Reducing the chances of getting pregnant during this time

62
Q

What is the extraembryonic membranes?

A

Membrane outside of embryo

Made from germ layers

A & P 2 LECTURE (23 decks)

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