1/30- Cont Endocrine Ans Start Of Muscular (Exam 1) Flashcards
What are parafollicular or c cells?
Between the follicular cells
Produce calcitonin
What does calcitonin do?
Lowers blood calcium levels
Decreases osteoclasts activity
What is the parathyroid gland?
Secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Next to thyroid
4 of them
What is the parathyroid hormone?
1 of 2 hormones you cannot live without
Primary calcium regulator
Blood calcium rises because of increase osteoclasts activity
Need it right away
What is the pancreas?
Both endo and exo
Small little clusters of cells-
Islets langerhans or pancreatic islets
Antagonist control blood sugar (glucose level)
What are the 2 specializes cells of islets langerhans or pancreatic islets?
1) Alpha cells- secrete Glucogen (blood sugar rises)
2) Beta Cells- secrete Insulin (blood sugar drops)
What is Glucagon?
Promotes hydrolysis of fats and glycogen
What is insulin?
Causes cells to take up blood sugar
Blood sugar with drop
What is diabetes Mellitus?
Insulin issue
2 types
1) Type 1
2) Type 2
What is type 1 diabetes?
Auto immune disorder (immune system is attacking you)
Targets with beta cells
Treatment is insulin injection
What is type 2 diabetes?
Beta cells are fine
Form of Dow regulation (targets aren’t paying attention to the chemical messengers)
Associated with obesity
Makes you eat a lot
Brain thinks you have a low blood sugar but it is because the insulin brought the sugar down
Person makes insulin but ignored
Treatment is control diet
What are the symptoms of diabetes?
Prolonged hyperglycemia- high sugar levels following a meal
Frequent urination
Increase thirst and hunger
What are the adrenal glands?
2 of them wrapped around each other
Outer- adrenal cortex
Inner- adrenal medulla
What are the 3 parts of the adrenal cortex?
1) zona glomerulosa
2) zona fasciculata
3) zona reticularis
What is the tissue of the adrenal cortex?
Mesoderm
What is the adrenal medulla?
Comes from tissue in embryo
Epi and norepi (neurotransmitter)
Nerves connected are sympathetic nerves
What is the tissue that comes from an embryo called?
Neural Crest Ecotoderm
What does the zona glomerulosa secrete and explain
Aldosterone
- cannot live without
- sodium regulator
- gain sodium and lose potassium
What does the zona fasciculata secrete and explain
Cortisol or hydrocortisone
- maintains glucose balance and suppresses certain aspects of the immune system (ex: rash)
What does the zona reticularis secrete and explain
Weak androgens
- male hormones like estrogen
What is the class of hormones cortisol comes from?
Glucocorticoids
- steroid hormone that regulates glucose
What is the class of hormones aldosterone comes from?
Mineralocorticoids
- steroid hormone that regulates sodium
What cells produce testosterone?
Leydig cells or interstitial cells
What cells product estrogen or estradiol?
Ganulosa cells
What do leydig and granulosa cells produce?
Secondary sexual characteristics
- physical traits of the body that do not have to do with reproduction but can be spotted
- men: beard, deep voice
- women- breast, hourglass shape
What does estradiol do?
Prepares womb for pregnancy
What are the 3 types of muscles?
1) skeletal muscle
2) cardiac muscle
3) smooth muscle
What are the 5 functions of skeletal muscle?
1) skeletal movement- attaches to Skelton and muscle pulls bone
2) maintenance posture- relaxed posture
3) supports soft internal structures- organs in abdominal cavity
4) guards entrance and exits
5) helps maintain body temp- muscle shivers when you’re cold
