1/30- Cont Endocrine Ans Start Of Muscular (Exam 1)

Question 1

What are parafollicular or c cells?

Answer 1

Between the follicular cells

Produce calcitonin

Question 2

What does calcitonin do?

Answer 2

Lowers blood calcium levels

Decreases osteoclasts activity

Question 3

What is the parathyroid gland?

Answer 3

Secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Next to thyroid

4 of them

Question 4

What is the parathyroid hormone?

Answer 4

1 of 2 hormones you cannot live without

Primary calcium regulator

Blood calcium rises because of increase osteoclasts activity

Need it right away

Question 5

What is the pancreas?

Answer 5

Both endo and exo

Small little clusters of cells-
Islets langerhans or pancreatic islets

Antagonist control blood sugar (glucose level)

Question 6

What are the 2 specializes cells of islets langerhans or pancreatic islets?

Answer 6

1) Alpha cells- secrete Glucogen (blood sugar rises)

2) Beta Cells- secrete Insulin (blood sugar drops)

Question 7

What is Glucagon?

Answer 7

Promotes hydrolysis of fats and glycogen

Question 8

What is insulin?

Answer 8

Causes cells to take up blood sugar

Blood sugar with drop

Question 9

What is diabetes Mellitus?

Answer 9

Insulin issue

2 types

1) Type 1
2) Type 2

Question 10

What is type 1 diabetes?

Answer 10

Auto immune disorder (immune system is attacking you)

Targets with beta cells

Treatment is insulin injection

Question 11

What is type 2 diabetes?

Answer 11

Beta cells are fine

Form of Dow regulation (targets aren’t paying attention to the chemical messengers)

Associated with obesity

Makes you eat a lot

Brain thinks you have a low blood sugar but it is because the insulin brought the sugar down

Person makes insulin but ignored

Treatment is control diet

Question 12

What are the symptoms of diabetes?

Answer 12

Prolonged hyperglycemia- high sugar levels following a meal

Frequent urination

Increase thirst and hunger

Question 13

What are the adrenal glands?

Answer 13

2 of them wrapped around each other

Outer- adrenal cortex

Inner- adrenal medulla

Question 14

What are the 3 parts of the adrenal cortex?

Answer 14

1) zona glomerulosa
2) zona fasciculata
3) zona reticularis

Question 15

What is the tissue of the adrenal cortex?

Answer 15

Mesoderm

Question 16

What is the adrenal medulla?

Answer 16

Comes from tissue in embryo

Epi and norepi (neurotransmitter)

Nerves connected are sympathetic nerves

Question 17

What is the tissue that comes from an embryo called?

Answer 17

Neural Crest Ecotoderm

Question 18

What does the zona glomerulosa secrete and explain

Answer 18

Aldosterone

• cannot live without
• sodium regulator
• gain sodium and lose potassium

Question 19

What does the zona fasciculata secrete and explain

Answer 19

Cortisol or hydrocortisone

- maintains glucose balance and suppresses certain aspects of the immune system (ex: rash)

Question 20

What does the zona reticularis secrete and explain

Answer 20

Weak androgens

- male hormones like estrogen

Question 21

What is the class of hormones cortisol comes from?

Answer 21

Glucocorticoids

- steroid hormone that regulates glucose

Question 22

What is the class of hormones aldosterone comes from?

Answer 22

Mineralocorticoids

- steroid hormone that regulates sodium

Question 23

What cells produce testosterone?

Answer 23

Leydig cells or interstitial cells

Question 24

What cells product estrogen or estradiol?

Answer 24

Ganulosa cells

Question 25

What do leydig and granulosa cells produce?

Answer 25

Secondary sexual characteristics

• physical traits of the body that do not have to do with reproduction but can be spotted
• men: beard, deep voice
• women- breast, hourglass shape

Question 26

What does estradiol do?

Answer 26

Prepares womb for pregnancy

Question 27

What are the 3 types of muscles?

Answer 27

1) skeletal muscle
2) cardiac muscle
3) smooth muscle

Question 28

What are the 5 functions of skeletal muscle?

Answer 28

1) skeletal movement- attaches to Skelton and muscle pulls bone
2) maintenance posture- relaxed posture
3) supports soft internal structures- organs in abdominal cavity
4) guards entrance and exits
5) helps maintain body temp- muscle shivers when you’re cold