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A & P 2 LECTURE > 1/28- Endocrine System (Exam 1) > Flashcards

1/28- Endocrine System (Exam 1) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the endocrine glands?

A

No duct and release secretions into blood

Secretions are hormones (chemical messengers)

Discrete structures

Whole reason is to secrete these hormones

Pancreas is both endo and exo

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2
Q

What does a chemical messenger do?

A

Causes the body to react

Directed to a particular target

  • target organ
  • target tissue
  • target cells (TRUE TARGET)
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3
Q

What 2 organs secrete hormones?

A

Stomach

Heart

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4
Q

What kind of tissue secretes hormones?

A

Adipose tissue (fat)

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5
Q

Explain the endocrine and neuron system relationship

A

Work hand in hand to regulate the body

Line b/n 2 is blurry

Some specialized neurons in the hypothalamus release chemical messengers in the blood

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6
Q

What do axon terminal branches release and in what?

A

Neurotransmitter

Synaptic cleft

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7
Q

What are neurohormones?

A

Release of neurotransmitters straight into the blood

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8
Q

What is epinephrine?

A

Released by endocrine glands into the blood with same effect acting as a hormone

Also released from synaptic cleft

Into blood- adrenaline

Synaptic cleft- epi

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9
Q

What are the 3 major groups hormones are divided in?

A

1) Amino Acid Derivatives or Amines
- come from amino acids
- polar

2) peptide hormones
- string of amino acids
- polar

3) lipid derivatives
- steroids (built from cholesterol and non polar

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10
Q

What are the 2 ways hormones interact with their target?

A

1) polar
- hydrophilic
- acts like a magnet
- makes hydrogen bonds

2) nonpolar
- hydrophobic
- lipophilic

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11
Q

Which kind of hormone goes through a phospholipid lipid bilayer?

A

Non polar

Polar gets spit out

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12
Q

How do polar hormones bring their message to the cell?

A

Hormone attaches to a receptor protein making it a ligand

Then second messenger (chemical inside cell) delivers the message

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13
Q

What are 2 hormones working together to give the same result called?

A

Synergist

Action is synergetic

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14
Q

What are 2 hormones working opposite of each other have opposite effects called?

A

Antagonist

Action is antagonistic

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15
Q

What are the 2 types of synergist hormones and explain

A

1) additive- 2 hormones doing exactly the same thing
Ex: epi and norepi

2) complimentary- hormones contributing to the same process. Need one to do the other
Ex: FSH and testosterone both contribute to making sperm but for different steps

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16
Q

What is a permissive effect?

A

Hormone A makes the target more sensitive to Hormone B

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17
Q

What is the primate effect or upregulation?

A

Hormone A makes the target more sensitive for Hormone A

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18
Q

What is downregulation?

A

Hormone released too much the target becomes desensitized

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19
Q

What is the half life of a hormone?

A

Amount of time is takes for the concentration to be reduced by half

Most hormones half life are minutes to hours

Thyroid hormones is days

20
Q

Are hormones endlessly in the blood?

A

No, liver and target organs pull out concentrations of the hormone

21
Q

What are the different types of endocrine glands?

A

1) pituitary glands or hypophysis

2) thyroid gland

22
Q

What are the 2 types of the pituitary gland or hypophysis?

A

1) posterior pituitary

2) anterior pituitary

23
Q

What is the space between the anterior and posterior pituitary gland?

A

Rathke’s Pouch

24
Q

How is the posterior pituitary gland and the thalamus connected?

A

Infundibulum

25
Q

What hormones does the posterior pituitary or neurohypophysis secrete?

A

1) Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) or Vasopressin:
- kidney to conserve water

2) oxytocin:
- stimulates contraction of smooth muscle
- causes labor muscles to contract
- ejection of milk from breasts

26
Q

What happens if your posterior pituitary gland doesn’t make enough Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)?

A

Diabetic Insipidus

- urinating excessively

27
Q

Where is ADH and oxytocin produced and how does it get secreted in the blood?

A

Produces by nerve cell bodies in the hypothalamus

Then hormone migrates down axon to axon terminal branches

Nerve impulses release hormone into blood

28
Q

What is the anterior pituitary gland?

A

Produces hormones it releases

Cause target to grow or mature

Secrets Tropic or Trophic Hormone

29
Q

What are the 5 different types of tropic or trophic hormones?

A

1) Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
2) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
3) Growth Hormone (GH)
4) Gonadotropic Hormones
5) Prolactin hormone (PRC)

30
Q

What is the thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)?

A

Stimulates hormone to release hormones of the thyroid

31
Q

What is the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)?

A

Causes adrenal gland to release Glucocorticoids

Adrenal gland

Outer part- adrenal cortex

Adrenal cortex tropic hormone

32
Q

What is the growth hormone (GH)?

A

Causes body to grow

Not enough- midget
Too much- gigantism

Acromegaly:

  • exposes to GH after being fully grown
  • high forehead
  • big hands and feet
  • lantern jaw
  • body builders use this
33
Q

What are the 2 types of Gonadotropic hormones and explain

A

1) follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
2) Lutenizing hormone (LH)

Found in gonads (testicles and ovaries)

FSH and LH names for female roles but found in both sexes

34
Q

What is proclatin hormone?

A

Milk production

35
Q

What is the anterior pituitary gland referred as?

A

Master gland

Although it’s a communication

36
Q

What are releasing hormones?

A

Hypothalamus produces hormones to talk to anterior pituitary gland to release particular hormones on the list before

Each has a separate releasing hormone

37
Q

What are hypophyseal portal veins?

A

Specialized part of circulatory system that helps hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland communicate

38
Q

What a portal vein?

A

Specialized system of veins

Capillaries—-> Veins——> capillaries

39
Q

What is a thyroid gland?

A

Has a colloid liquid

Colloid liquid has Thyroglobulin protein

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Follicular cells

Located on the base of neck

Shield shape gland under microscope

40
Q

What are follicular cells?

A

Produce major hormones of the gland

Target for Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
- take colloid by pinocytosis

Needs iodine to make hormone

Take iodine from blood (tiny trace)

41
Q

What is a tetraiodothyronine or thyroxine (T4)?

A

1 amino acid with 4 iodines

Amines

Target takes T4 and turns it into T3

42
Q

What is a triiodothyronine (T3)?

A

1 amino acid with 3 iodine’s

Active hormone

Amines

43
Q

What is basal metabolic rate?

A

Rate the body uses energy

44
Q

What is hyperthyroidism?

A

Too much T3 and T4

Anxious

Lots of energy

Loses weight

45
Q

What is hypothyroidism?

A

Not a lot of T3 and T4

Tired all the time

Gains weight

46
Q

What happens when you have goiter?

A

Not enough iodine in diet

Thyroid grows and can pop out of neck

A & P 2 LECTURE (23 decks)

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