3/9- Blood (Exam 2 & 3) Flashcards
What kind of tissue is blood?
CT
What is plasma?
Liquid portion of blood (matrix)
Colloid because suspended plasma proteins
What are formed elements?
Cells and cellular derivatives
What do the formed elements include?
1) Erythrocytes- RBC
2) leukocytes- white blood cells
3) thrombocytes- clotting
What are the pieces of thrombocytes we see?
Platelets
What is hematopoiesis or hemopoiesis?
Process of blood formation
Mostly in red bone marrow
- sternum or epiphysis of long bone
- gets less and less as you get older
What are lymphocytes?
White blood cells
Some form in red bone marrow others don’t
What are 3 kinds of plasma proteins?
1) Albumin
2) Globulins
3) Fibrinogen
What are albumin?
Most abundant
Osmotic force is created because of this
Carrier molecule for things hitching a ride to the circulatory system
Produced by liver
Egg whites
What are the kinds of Globulins?
1) Alpha 1 Globulin
2) Alpha 2 Globulin
3) Beta Globulin
Made by liver and are carrier proteins
4) Gamma Globulin- made by certain lymphocytes abs are antibodies
What are antibodies also called?
Immunoglobulin
What are fibrinogen?
Clotting chemical
Produced by liver
What is the stem cell all blood cells come from and how does it decide which kind it becomes?
Hemocytoblast
Chemical signals
What cells do erthrocytes come from?
Proerythroblasts
What cells come from myeloblasts?
Neutrophils
Esoinophils
Basophils
(White blood cells)
What cells come from lymphoblasts?
Lymphocytes
-white blood cells
What cells come from mono blasts?
Monocytes
White blood cells
What cells come from megakaryoblasts?
Megakaryocytes
Fragment into platelets
What are our thrombocytes?
Megakaryocytes
What are erthrocytes?
RBC
No nucleus
Thick edges, thin middle
Function to carry O2
Pigmented protein- hemoglobin
Hemoglobin occupies a lot of the RBC space
What are Hemogloblin (Hb or Hgb)?
Quaternary structure consists of 4 polypeptide chains (subunits)
Each contains:
2 alpha chains
2 beta chains
What are the Heme groups in hemoglobin?
Carry 1 iron (Fe) atom in each
O2 attaches to iron and is a weak attachment and is released when needed
4 molecules of oxygen
8 atoms of oxygen
What is oxyhemoglobin?
Hemoglobin carrying O2
Bright red
What is deoxyhemoglobin?
Let’s go of O2
Maroon color
What is carbaminohemoglobin?
Carries some CO2 but not attached to iron
What is carboxyhemoglobin?
CO (carbon monoxide)
Carried by iron where O2 should be
Doesn’t let it go
Deadly
What is sickle cell trait?
Beta chain connects to other beta chain in different hemoglobin
Hemoglobin crystallizes
Happens because amino acid in beta chain gets swapped out for another
What are the 2 problems with sickle cell shape?
1) not bendable- get lodged in capillaries and can cause death of tissue
2) very delicate- rupture easily
What is sickle cell anemia?
Reduction of # of RBC because they rupture easily
What does anemia in general mean?
Hemoglobin deficiency
By reduction of RBC or not having enough hemoglobin and RBC’s are smaller than normal
What is iron- deficiency anemia?
Not enough iron in your system
Can not produce usual amount of hemoglobin
of RBC are normal
RBC smaller in size
What is Prenicious Anemia?
Vitamin B-12 issue
Can be caused by lack of intrinsic factor
B-12 is used to make RBC
What is intrinsic factor?
There to absorb B-12
Need Vitamin B-12 injections if you’re missing this
What is a red blood cell count test?
Performed with Hemocytometer
Dilute blood and count RBC
What is the hematocrit or packed cell volume (PCV) test?
What percent of patients blood is occupied by RBC
PCV = (volume of packed RBC’s / total volume of sample) x 100
What do they use for the hematocrit or packed cell volume (PCV) test?
Capillary tubes
Heparin- slows down clotting
Hepanized
What is the tallquist paper blot test?
Test how much hemoglobin is present
Degree of redness
Deep red- a lot of hemoglobin
Pale red- not a lot of hemoglobin
Read in natural light
What is the Spectrophotometry?
Uses spectrophotometer or colorimeter
Measure degree of redness
More hemoglobin= less light
Less hemoglobin= more light
Sample must be hemolyzed first
What does hemolyzed mean?
After RBC ruptures you can see if light goes through
Transparent light goes through
