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A & P 2 LECTURE > 2/3- Muscular System (Exam 1) > Flashcards

2/3- Muscular System (Exam 1) Flashcards

1
Q

What is fascicules?

A

Tissue in muscle cells

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2
Q

What is epimysium?

A

CT holding muscle together

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3
Q

What is perimysium?

A

Bonds fascicules together

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4
Q

What is endomysium?

A

Delicate CT wraps individual muscle cells

Blood vessel supply

Has capillaries

Nerve fibers that connect to muscle cells

Satellite cells

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5
Q

Why do muscles cells have satellite cells?

A

Stem cells

There just in case muscle cells need to be replaced

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6
Q

What does CT have that has tensile strength and in epimysium and emdomysium?

A

Collagen

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7
Q

What are tendons?

A

Muscle to bone

Formed by CT at the end of the muscle

Rope like structure

Super strong

Attaches to skeleton

Made of collagen

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8
Q

What is periosteum?

A

CT sheath around bone

Tendon anchors on this

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9
Q

What is a flat muscle with sheet like tendon called?

A

Aponeurosis

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10
Q

What is the point of muscle attachment that doesn’t move when contracted called?

A

Origin

  • more proximal for arms and legs
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11
Q

What is the point of muscle attachment that does move when contracted?

A

Insertion

  • more distal in arms and legs
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12
Q

What are the 3 strange aspects of skeletal muscle cells?

A

1) BIG
- huge diameter
- muscle cells are as long as muscles it’s in

2) multinucleate
- many nuclei
- has genetic code all over

3) striated
- alternating dark and light lines

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13
Q

What are the dark lines in a striation called?

A

A bands

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14
Q

What are the light lines in a striation called?

A

I bands

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15
Q

What are myoblasts?

A

Stem cells that are in embryo

Have one nucleus each

Fuse during development and fuse nuclei together

Live in delicate tissue in muscle cells

Becomes satellite cells when stored

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16
Q

What are the 3 basic kinds of skeletal muscle cells?

A

1) fast fibers or white fibers
2) slow fibers or red fibers
3) intermediate fibers

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17
Q

What are fast or white fibers?

A

Majority

Contract quickly

Large diameter

Produce powerful contractions

Fatigue easily

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18
Q

What are slow or red fibers?

A

Take 3 times longer to contract

Half the diameter of fast fibers

Resist fatigue

Red fibers

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19
Q

What is the slow or red fibers red?

A

Pigmented protein Myoglobin (carries O2)

20
Q

What are intermediate fibers?

A

Intermediate diameter

Fast contraction (not as fast fibers)

Resist fatigue (not as resistant as slow fibers)

Pale in color

21
Q

What is white muscle?

A

Muscles that are dominated by fast fibers

Ex: hand, muscles moving eyeballs

22
Q

What are red muscle?

A

Muscles dominated by red fibers

Ex: legs, back

23
Q

Do muscle contractions begin with nerve impulses?

A

Yes

24
Q

What is a neuromuscular junction or motor end plate?

A

Space/ synapse between axon terminal branch of somatic motor neuron and muscle cell

25
Q

What is a somatic motor neuron?

A

Motor nerve connected to muscle

26
Q

What is Acetylene (Ach)?

A

Only neurotransmitter used when nerve impulse goes down an axon and hits axon terminal branches and across synaptic cleft and depolarizers muscle (shortens muscle)

27
Q

What is a twitch?

A

When a muscle receives one nerve impulse

Muscle shortens and returns to normal length quickly

All muscle action is based on this

28
Q

What are the 2 parts of a twitch and explain

A

1) Contraction Phase- tension is building

2) Relaxing Phase- pass peak of tension and relaxing

29
Q

What is a latent period?

A

Short delay between stimulus and contraction

30
Q

What is a wave summation or summation?

A

Several nerve impulses after the other before muscle straightened out and gets even shorter

31
Q

What is a tetanus or tetany?

A

Nerve impulses so fast you see no or little relaxation period and becomes a smooth contraction

32
Q

What is a complete tetanus?

A

No visible relaxation

How muscles operate

33
Q

What is incomplete tetanus?

A

Slight relaxation

34
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

Thing inside muscle that makes it work

Always active

100s cells working and have tension but not enough to contract

Keep working until they fatigue

Recruitment

35
Q

The tension made by muscle units and make the muscle rubbery is called?

A

Muscle tone or Tonus

36
Q

What is recruitment?

A

Control strength of muscle

Start with small and few motor units and recruit additional that are larger for the tension needed

37
Q

What is resistance?

A

Muscle working against some force

Either isometric or isotonic

38
Q

What is isotonic?

A

Muscle length is changing

39
Q

What is concentric isotonic contraction?

A

Classic kind

Muscle gets shorter

40
Q

What is eccentric isotonic contraction?

A

Muscle is contracting but getting longer because something else is pulling on it and stretching it

Gently letting something down

Less tension

41
Q

What is isometric?

A

Length of muscle doesn’t change

Trying to get shorter but can’t

42
Q

What is a sacromere?

A

Basic functional unit of every muscle cell

Makes muscle cell work

Several proteins

43
Q

What are the 4 proteins in sarcomeres?

A

1) Actin
2) myosin
- give movement

3) Tropomyosin
4) Troponin
- on/ off switch
Shorten muscle when you want and stop it when you want

44
Q

What are Actin and myosin?

A

Microfilaments

Actin- thin microfilament
Myosin- thick microfilament

45
Q

What are long chains of sarcomeres in muscle cells called?

A

Myofibrils

A & P 2 LECTURE (23 decks)

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