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A & P 2 LECTURE > 4/22- Respiratory System (Exam 4) > Flashcards

4/22- Respiratory System (Exam 4) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the respiratory system?

A

Lungs and pipework into lungs

Gas exchange

System that oxygenated the blood and removes CO2

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2
Q

What are the 2 parts of the respiratory system?

A

1) respiratory zone- gas exchange

2) conducting zone- all of the pipe work leading into lungs (trachea, bronchi and bronchiole)

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3
Q

What are the 3 functions of the conducting zone?

A

1) filters the air you inhale (filtration)
2) warms air
3) humidifies the air

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4
Q

What is filtration?

A

Air is filled with particular matter that cannot get into lungs it will clog them

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5
Q

What are examples of filtration?

A

1) nose hairs- removes large particles

2) pseudostratified columnar epithelium- have cilia and goblet cells

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6
Q

What do goblet cells secret and explain

A

Mucus

Lives in most of the respiratory system

Sticky and tough

Mucus goes to back of throat with particles and you either swallow it or spit it out

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7
Q

What is the nasal conchae (concha) or turbinates?

A

Creates turbulence in the air you inhale in nasal cavity

Air swirls around making particular matter go across mucus surfaces and a lot is trapped

Delays air going to trachea

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8
Q

What is the warming of the air?

A

Homeostasis

Body temp 98.6 Fahrenheit

To not lose core body temp

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9
Q

What is humidification or moistening of air?

A

Atmosphere air is dry

Simple squamous epithelium can dry out of air is not humidified

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10
Q

What kind of tissue is the alveoli?

A

Simple squamous epithelium

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11
Q

What is Boyle’s law?

A

In a sealed container the pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to the volume

Volume increases pressure decreases
Volume decreases pressure increases

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12
Q

What is a direct consequence of Boyle’s law?

A

Movement of air in and out of the lungs

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13
Q

What are the muscles used in quiet respiration?

A

1) diaphragm- thong sheet of muscle separating the thoracic and abdominal cavity
2) external intercostals

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14
Q

When you inhale how is the diaphragm?

A

Diaphragm drops down

Increases volume of the chest cavity

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15
Q

What happens when the external intercostals when contracted?

A

Ribs pulls on rib cage and it rises up

Sternum is pushed out when contracted expanding volume of the chest cavity

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16
Q

What happens when the external intercostals are relaxed?

A

Angle downward

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17
Q

What happens when pressure drops below atmospheric pressure ?

A

Air forces it’s way down into your lungs and you inhale

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18
Q

When you exhale and rest the diaphragm how is it?

A

Diaphragm pops back up

Decreases volume of the chest cavity

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19
Q

When you exhale what happens to the external intercostals?

A

Rib cage drops and sternum comes in

Chest cavity volume decreases

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20
Q

What happens when the pressure is is greater than the atmospheric pressure?

A

Air comes out

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21
Q

What muscles does forced respiration, inspiration and/ or inhalation use?

A

Diaphragm

External intercostals

Sternocleidomastoid

Pectoralis minor

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22
Q

How is the sternocleidomastoid used for forced respiration?

A

Jerks up on the sternum and clavicle

Expands the rib cage

23
Q

How is the pectoralis minor used for forced respiration?

A

Jerks up on the ribs

24
Q

What muscles does forced expiration or exhalation use? And how are these muscles used?

A

External and internal abdominal obliques

Transverse abdominus

Rectus abdominus

When contracted they compress internal organs and move upward under diaphragm

25
Q

What are 3 physical factors that affect the functioning of the lungs?

A

1) compliance- good needs to be maximized
2) elasticity- good needs to be maximized
3) surface tension- bad needs to be minimized

26
Q

What is compliance?

A

Stretchability

Needs to expand lungs as much as possible

Lung tissue is 100x more stretchable than rubber

27
Q

What is elasticity?

A

Ability to return to ones original size and shape

Ex: rubber bands

Lungs need to be able to return back to normal size for the air to leave

Elastic fibers- composed of elastin that criss cross through lung tissue

28
Q

What is surface tension?

A

Needs to be reduced as much as possible

Problem in alveoli/ alveolus

29
Q

What are alveoli?

A

Microscopic

Close to one another

Inside moist with sheet of water

Crush shot- no gas exchange

Smaller they become- bigger problem

30
Q

Do alveoli need to be tiny?

A

Yes a lot of surface area- tiny alveoli

Increase surface area need to make them as small as possible

However, smaller worse surface tension and likely they will collapse

31
Q

What is surfactant?

A

Surface active agent

Gets between water molecules

Prevents water from forming hydrogen bonds

Smaller the alveoli the better it works

Produced during 8 month of pregnancy

32
Q

What is type 1 cells?

A

Simple squamous epithelium (thin)

Most alveoli composed of this

33
Q

What is type 2 cells or septal cells?

A

Thicker than type 1

Not good for exchange surface

Secret surfactant

34
Q

What is respiratory distress syndrome?

A

Premature babies don’t make surfactant

Alveoli collapse

Treated with- mechanical respirators force alveoli to open and to administer surfactant

35
Q

What is control respiration?

A

How is breathing controlled

1) local control- within lungs
2) brain- involuntary and voluntary

36
Q

What is local respiration?

A

Exerted within lung

Happens in 2 places

1) alveolar capillaries
2) bronchioles

37
Q

What are alveolar capillaries?

A

Capillary networks that surround alveoli

Constrict if alveoli doesn’t have enough O2

Prevents blood from entering

Forced blood to go elsewhere

38
Q

What are bronchioles?

A

Very small passageways

Most of wall is smooth muscle (allows for constructing and dilation)

Air high CO2 bronchioles dilate to let fresh air in

39
Q

Where is the brains involuntary control center?

A

Medulla oblongata

Pons

40
Q

What is the rhythmicity center?

A

Sets the basic background pace of breathing

41
Q

What is tidal breathing?

A

Basic relaxed breathing in and out

42
Q

What does the pneumotaxic and ape rustic centers do?

A

Slows down or speeds up breathing

43
Q

What are the receptors that signals the brain how to breathe?

A

Chemoreceptors

Baroreceptors

Stretch receptors in the lungs

44
Q

What are chemoreceptors?

A

Measure CO2 and O2

In carotid arteries, aorta and chemosensitive area of the brain (medulla oblongota)

45
Q

What does the chemosensitive area of the brain measure?

A

Measure CO2 and O2 in cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)

CO2 high O2 low= breathe more quickly

CO2 low O2 high= rate of breathing slows down

46
Q

What is hyperventilation?

A

Breathing more quickly then the physiological situation requires

Caused by fear or caffeine

47
Q

What is tachypnea?

A

Fast breathing

Physiologically appropriate

Ex: working out

48
Q

What is hypoventilation?

A

Respiratory rate is slower than it should be than the physiological situation requires

Caused by alcohol and morphine

49
Q

What are baroreceptors?

A

Measure blood pressure

Bp low- rate of respiration high (breathe more quickly)

Bp high- rate of respiration low (slows down)

50
Q

What is Hering- Breuer Reflexes?

A

Stretch receptors are responsible

2 of them

1) inflation reflux
2) deflation reflux

51
Q

What is inflation reflex?

A

If you draw in too much air

Inflate lungs where damage can occur

Stretch receptors triggered

Immediately stop inhaling and force you to exhale

52
Q

What is deflation reflex?

A

Blowing everything out of lungs

Deflate till damage can occur

Stretch receptors stop you and make you inhale

53
Q

What is voluntary control and the 2 ways?

A

Under cerebrum

1) bypass little computers and send instructions consciously down spinal cord and take conscious control of breathing
- done with singing and talking

2) send instructions to the computers and tell them what to do
- when you hold your breath

A & P 2 LECTURE (23 decks)

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