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A & P 2 LECTURE > 4/29- Urinary System (Exam 4) > Flashcards

4/29- Urinary System (Exam 4) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 basic functions of the urinary system?

A

1) removal of nitrogenous waste
2) water balance (regulating water levels)
3) ion regulation or electrolyte balance of salt balance

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2
Q

Where does nitrogenous waste come from?

A

Amino acids

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3
Q

What is deamination?

A

Amino groups (NH2) is removed from amino acid

Takes place in liver

Produced waste product that is toxic and needs to be removed

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4
Q

What are the 3 molecules that can be derived from the amino group (NH2)?

A

1) ammonia- highly toxic
2) uric acid
3) urea

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5
Q

What is uric acid?

A

Insoluble in water

Crystallizes

Tiny amounts in humans

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6
Q

What is gout?

A

When uric acid crystallizes in joint capsule of big toe

Need to cut down protein

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7
Q

What is urea?

A

Human waste product

Insoluble in water

Must be removed from body

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8
Q

What is the nephron and it’s 3 basic functions?

A

Basic functional unit of kidney

Microscopic

1) filtration- filters blood (Bowmans capsule)
2) reabsorption- proximal and distal convoluted tubule
3) secretion- Na+ out, K+ and H+ in

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9
Q

What do mammals have and why?

A

Loop of Henle

Makes urine more concentrated that blood plasma

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10
Q

What is the Bowmans capsule and it’s 2 layers?

A

Where filtration takes place

2 layers

1) parietal layer- outer
2) visceral layer- inner

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11
Q

What are podocytes?

A

Cells visceral layer of bowmans capsule

Fit over glomerulus

Have pedicels

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12
Q

What are pedicels?

A

Finger like process inside podocytes

Interfinger each other

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13
Q

What are filtration slits?

A

Spaces between pedicels where water gets through

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14
Q

What are fenestrated capillaries?

A

Found in glomerulus

Have pore like openings

Water goes out and into filtration slits than to hollow interior of bowmans capsule

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15
Q

What is the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

Reabsorbs useful material

Cells that form wall- simple cuboidal epithelium

Microuilli increase absorption

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16
Q

What is the counter- current exchange system?

A

Happens in loop of henle

Filtrate flowing in opposite direction

17
Q

What is the efferent arteriole?

A

Brings things in and out of nephron

18
Q

What is the peritubular capillaries?

A

Wraps around nephron leaving afferent arteriole

Pumping in from this blood supply

Pumping out goes to thia blood supply

19
Q

What is the vasa recta?

A

Capillary coming out of the efferent arteriole

Capillary loops around loop of henle and water is picked up by the blood

20
Q

What is the Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

A

Secretion of posterior pituitary gland

Cause kidney to conserve water

Affects collection duct to become more permeable to water- allows more water than usual to leave the urine and vasa recta conserves the water

21
Q

What is the glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP)?

A

Pushing water and dissolved material out of the blood into bowmans capsule

Greater pressure

Bp in glomerulus

22
Q

What is the capsular hydrostatic pressure (CsHP)?

A

Liquid that is collecting inside the bowmans capsule is generating a force of its own

23
Q

What is the net hydrostatic pressure (NHP)?

A

NHP= GHP- CsHP

24
Q

What is the blood colloid pressure (BCOP)?

A

Suspended plasma proteins

Draws water into the blood

25
Q

What is the filtration pressure (FP)?

A

Overall force moving material in or out of the blood

FP = NHP- BCOP

26
Q

What is the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

A

Important measure of the health of the kidney

Amount of filtrate the kidney produces each minute

27
Q

What is creatinine?

A

Breakdown of creatine phosphate

Leaches out of the blood and is filtered out by kidneys

28
Q

What is the creatinine clearance test?

A

Combo of blood test and urine analysis

Analyze blood to see how much creatinine is in the blood

Measure how much is in the urine (collected over 24hrs)

29
Q

What are 3 ways to regulate the GFR?

A

1) auto regulation
2) hormonal or other chemical regulations
3) autonomic regulation

30
Q

What is auto regulation?

A

Self regulation in kidney

Dilate afferent arteriole- more blood to rush in under high pressure in glomerulus

Constrict efferent arteriole- builds up pressure when closed and raises GFR

31
Q

What is hormonal regulation?

A

Renin- angiotestin system

Antiotensinogen—> angiotensin 1—> angiotensin 2 (vasoconstrictior)

32
Q

What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A

Where renin comes from

Consists of 2 things

1) juxtaglomerular cells
2) macula Densa

Cells measure bp drops
N-+ ion levels drop in filtrate
——-renin is produced

33
Q

What are juxtaglomerular cells?

A

Thick cells that surround walls of afferent arteriole

Measures bp

34
Q

What is macula densa?

A

Columnar cells in wall of distal convoluted tubule

Measure Na+ ion levels in filtrate

35
Q

What is autonomic regulation?

A

Visceral motor

Sympathetic nerves connecting to arteries and raIses bp and GFR

Bp raises GFR raises

36
Q

What does angiotensin 2 do?

A

Stimulates the zoma glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex

Secretes aldosterone

37
Q

What is aldosterone?

A

Sodium regulator

Causes rest of distal convoluted tubule to save even more sodium to the body and not lose it in the urine

A & P 2 LECTURE (23 decks)

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