4/2 Flashcards
hyaluronic acid in strep
component of capsule
strep toxin
erythrogenic toxin that causes scarlet fever (red tongue, pharyngitis, wide rash that spares face)
cancers that have spread to bone
prostate and breast
laryngeal apaillomatosis
benign tumors in respiratory and digestive tract caused by HPV6
high stress in colon
- diverticulosis on left
- angiodysplasia on right
- both present as hematochezia
spinocerebellar tracts
located on periphery of spinal cord
Km
is inversely proportional to the affinity of an enzyme for its substrate
- Km = 1/2 Vmax
catalytic efficiency
kcat/Km
- takes into account substrate binding and activity
double stranded RNA virus
reovirus (number 1 cause of childhood diarrhea)
wheel like virus
rotavirus (reovirus)
GI problems in diabetes
dysmotility (long standing nerve damage)
pseudocholinesterase deficiency
can lead to prolonged blockade with neuromuscular blocker
RSV vs parainfluenza virus
- RSV = most common cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in kids
- parainfluenza causes croup
steeple sign
croup with inspiratory stridor
croup vs whoop
croup = parainfluenza virus whoop = bordetella pertussis
building blocks for heme
glycine and succinyl CoA
Lewy bodies
- composed of alpha synuclein
- seen in parkinsons and Lewy body dementia
senile plaques
- extracellular beta amyloid core
- amyloid synthesized by cleaving amyloid precursor protein
- seen in Alzheimer’s
neurofibrillary tangles
- intracellular hyperphosphorylated tau protein
- seen in Alzheimer’s
tau protein
- insoluble cytoskeletal elements
- seen in Alzheimer’s
- number of tangles = worse
Pick bodies
- hyperphosphorylated tau
- in frontotemporal dementia
- also with ubiquitinated TDP
mechanism for infection inducing labor
maternal decidua releases prostaglandins, inducing labor
loud P2
pulmonary hypertension
blood flow in lung
in hypoxia, vessels constrict to divert blood to higher perfused areas
HMG CoA reductase product
produces mevalonic acid for cholesterol synthesis
relative risk reduction
remember it is 1 - RR
clinical trial vs cohort study
cohort is observational, clinical trial has an intervention
side effect of cyclosporine
increase in uric acid leading to kidney dysfunction
confidence interval decreases with…
decreasing standard error (dependent on SD and sample size)
what is split in DAG pathway
PIP2 is split into IP2 and DAG
norepinephrine stimulates….
alpha 1, beta 1 and alpha 2 receptors
posterior urethral valves
due to malformation of Wolffian ducts, can only occur in males
acetyl CoA carboxylase
rate limiting step in FA synthesis, produces malonyl CoA
loss of contractility occurs how long after ischemia
60 seconds
MOA of triptans
serotonin agonists
water restriction
- no increase in urine osmolality = diabetes insipidus (central increases after DDAVP, nephrogenic doesn’t)
- partial and polydipsia have slow increase with no additional increase with DDAVP
labs in Kelinfelters
- low testosterone due to malformed testes
- high LH and FSH (due to no feedback inhibition)
- high estrogen (gynecomastia)
high estrogen in liver disease
- less estrogen destruction
- alcohol inhibits testosterone synthesis
timeline of starting coagulation necrosis in MI
4-12 hours in
5’ to 3’ exonuclease activity
only DNA pol I (DNA pol III is only 3’ to 5’ activity)
- functions as a way to remove primer
sucrose
fructose and glucose
most common artery for aneurysm affecting CNIII
posterior communicating
shrunken liver
fulminant hepatitis (can be caused by virus or inhaled anesthetics)
first week of TB exposure
bacterial replication
crescentic glomerulonephritis is due to deposition of….
fibrin
S-100 brain tumor
neural crest derived Schwanoma
vacuoles between cell bodies of neurons
Jakob-Creutzfeldt disease
Charcot Boucard vs hypertensive arteriolar sclerosis
Charcot Bouchard = lacunar stroke with intraparenchymal hemorrhage
- other does not have CT changes
uremic disorder and bleeding
leads to qualitative platelet disorder and longer bleeding time
- no effect on coag factors
