3/26 Flashcards
failure in hypospadias
fusion of urogenital folds
failure in epispadias
faulty positioning of genital tubrecle
burkholderia cepacia
catalase positive organism in CGD
inhibin is released by….
sertoli cells
inhibin
released by sertoli cell and suppresses FSH via the pituitary
reentry circuit around tricuspid valve annulus
atrial flutter
TCA cycle enzyme requiring thiamine
alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
Call-Exner bodies
in granulosa cell tumors of ovary (markers are inhibin and estrogen)
most common reason for complete mole
duplication of sperm leading to XX (two sperm fertilization is less common XY)
functions of CN9
- stylopharyngeus muscle
- parotid gland secretion
- sensory of tympanic membrane, eustachian tube, posterior tongue, tonsillar region, upper pharynx (gag), carotid body/sinus
- taste in posterior tongue
attachment of pilus in N meningitidis
nasopharynx epithelial cells
treatment of copper excess
D-penicillamine (copper chelator)
timeline of hyperinsulinemia in gestational diabetes
goes away 3-7 days after birth
cast nephropathy
due to multiple myeloma due to protein deposits in kidney
ecthyma gangrenosum
- associated with pseudomonas
- bacteria release exotoxin in skin, necrosis and ulceration
- occurs with neutropenia
calcium labs in multiple myeloma
- high calcium (bone breakdown)
- low PTH (feedback)
- high urine calcium (low PTH)
- low vitamin D (kidney failure)
CSF is absorbed by…
arachnoid granulations
damage to subthalamic nucleus
inhibition to thalamus is reduced, results in contralateral hemiballism
bacteria in schwann cells
M leprae (seen in any tissue in the periphery due to cooler temps)
reason for hematogenous spread in bacteria
capsule (pilus is for attachment)
median nerve goes between
flexor digitorum profundus and superficialis
nerve through supinator
radial
main cause of damages with sorbitol
osmotic cell damage and oxidative stress from depelation of NADPH
two important factors in working up metabolic alkalosis
volume status and urine chloride
granulomatous destruction of interlocular bile ducts
primary biliary cirrhosis
high alkaline phosphatase with history of ulcerative colitis
primary sclerosis cholangitis
two things best seen in TEE
left atrium and descending aorta
clinical findings in normal pressure hydrocephalus
magnetic gait, upper motor neuron signs, cognitive disturbances, urinary incontinence
reducing media
used for anaerobic bacteria
biliary problem associated with ulcerative colitis
primary sclerosing cholangitis
stones in chrons
calcium binds to undigested lipids, leading to increase in oxalate and stone formation
time of first hCG measurement
8 days later, during implantation
most common structures affected by syrngomyelia
anterior white commissure and anterior horns
most effective medication for cell mediated asthma process
glucocorticoid
major problem in prolactinoma
high prolactin, decrease in GnRH, decrease in estrogen, decrease in bone mass
hemochromatosis
- HFE gene (uptake into liver)
- decrease uptake into hepatocytes lead to increased absorption and increase serum levels
why does hep D need hep B
requires coating with surface antigen (HBsAg)
causes of candida in vagina
loss of normal bacteria
- antibiotics
- high estrogen
- corticosteroid
- diabetes
- immunosuppression
major reason for pyelonephritis
vesicoureteral urine reflux
reactions for biotin
- pyruvate carboxylase (gluconeogenesis)
- acetyl CoA carboxylase (FA synthesis)
- propionyl-CoA carboxylase (FA oxidation)
too many egg whites
biotin deficiency
microscopic changes in glioblastoma
- pseudopalisading necrosis (necrosis surrounded by tumor cells)
- new vessel formation
- giant cells and mitoses
NO is produced from….
arginine
relationship between creatinine and GFR
creatinine only starts to go up at very low GFRs
obstructive jaundice with palpable, nontender gallbladder
Courvoisier sign (indicative of pancreatic adenocarcinoma)
risk factors for pancreatic adenocarcinoma
- smoking (most important)
- chronic pancreatitis
- diabetes
- old age
- Jewish and African Americans
histology in CMV
intranuclear and intracytoplasmic inclusions with halo around nucleus (owls eye)
penicillin/cephalosporin type of molecule
transpeptidase (vancomycin binds to cell wall glycoproteins)
mechanism of resistance in cephalosporins
structural changes in PBPs (remember these drugs are not sensitive to beta lactamases)
PD-1
programmed death receptor
- on T cells, works to downregulate immune response (blocking it allows T cells to fight cancer)
rapid correction of hyponatremia
osmotic demyelination syndrome (central pontine myelinolysis)
rapid correction of hypernatremia
cerebral edema
blister disease involving lips
pemphigus vulgaris
shortest acting sulfonurea
glipizide (zipping around)
timing of free wall rupture in MI
5-14 days, leads to tamponade and profound shock
thing most likely in first couple days after MI
ventricular arrythmias
treatment for treatment-resistant schizophrenia
clozapine
difference between HUS/TTP and DIC
HUS/TTP does not activate clotting cascade so the clotting cascade labs are normal
HUS/TTP is due to….
microangiopathic hemolytic anemia
diphenoxylate
opioid agonist that slows intestinal digestions (dolphins from sketchy)
porcelain gallbladder
due to chronic cholecystitis
- risk factor to adenocarcinoma of the gallbladder
size of colon in hirshprung disease
dilated proximal, contracted in problem location
location of biopsy in Hirshprung
submucosa of narrow part
mid positioned and fixed pupils
uncal herniation damaging pons and midbrain (also loss of vestibulo-ocular reflexes)
decerebrate posture
- extensors dominate
- lesion is below red nucleus so the vestibulospinal tract and extensors dominate
decorticate posture
- flexors dominate
- lesion is between cerebral cortex and red nucleus, rubrospinal and flexor predominate
two bones that abut the arm bones
scaphoid (more likely to fracture) and lunate (more likely to dislocate)
two main angiogenic factors
VEGF and FGF (and maybe TGF-beta)
medically intractable parkinson’s treatment
brain stimulation of globus pallidus internus or subthalamic nucleus
frontal lobe lesions
left = apathy and depression right = disinhibited behavior
location of serotonergic neurons in brain
raphe nucleus in the brainstem
locus ceruleus
norepinephrine neurons in dorsal pons (involved in fight or flight)
nucleus basalis
cholinergic neurons (deficient in Alzheimer’s)
red nucleus
anterior midbrain, motor coordination of upper extremities
cell disrupted in silicosis
macrophage (can lead to TB)
secondary TB
usually located in upper lobes
livedo reticularis with normal peripheral pulse
sign of embolism
cholesterol clefts in arterial lumen
embolus
factor disposing to duodenal obstruction by SMA
fast weight loss (diminished mesenteric fat)
wall tension and afterload
increase in pressure leads to increase in afterload and increase in wall tension
- wall stress is decreased with a compensatory hypertrophy
severity of mitral valve
more severe if opening snap is closer to S2
