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3/29 Flashcards

1
Q

ecological studies

A

use population data instead of individuals

- used to make conclusions but should not be extrapolated to individuals

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2
Q

nested case-control

A

starts as cohort study and patients that develop disease are put in cases of case-control

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3
Q

most common cause of spontaneous pneumothorax in young male

A
  • subpleural blebs

- smoking is risk factor

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4
Q

problem in cyanide poisoning

A
  • inhibits cytochrome c enzyme for oxygen phosphorylation

- oxygen can not be used by tissues for energy

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5
Q

amyl nitrite

A
  • forms methemoglobin

- useful for treating cyanide poisoning because it can bind the cyanide and excrete it

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6
Q

cofactor used by PEPCK in gluconeogenesis

A

GTP (produced from succinyl-CoA synthetase)

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7
Q

worm with eggs laid in intestine

A

strongyloides (only larvae are found in stools)

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8
Q

perianal egg deposition

A

enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)

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9
Q

proglottids in stool

A

tapeworms (t solium, t saginata, diphyllobothrium latum)

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10
Q

trophozoites and cysts in stool

A

giardia and entamoeba

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11
Q

exchanger in RBCs for carbonic anhydrase

A

chloride/bicarb exchanger (to maintain electric charge)

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12
Q

baby most likely to get HepB

A

mom with HBeAg (marker for infectivity)

- however babies don’t show many signs and symptoms due to immune tolerant phase

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13
Q

McCune Albright triad

A
  • fibrous dysplasia (osteolytic lesions of hips and pelvis
  • endocrine abnormalities
  • cafe-au-lait spots
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14
Q

defect in McCune Albright

A

constitutively active G protein

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15
Q

two diseases with cafe au lait spots

A

McCune Albright (coast of Maine) and NF1 (coast of California)

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16
Q

Legg-Calve-Perthes

A

isolated idiopathic osteonecrosis of hip

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17
Q

hemosiderin laden macrophages in lung

A

heart failure cells due to left ventricular dysfunction

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18
Q

organic portion of bone

A

osteoid, laid down by osteoblasts

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19
Q

12th ribs sits behind….

A

kidney

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20
Q

work of breathing is restrictive and obstructive lung disease

A 
restrictive = lower work of breathing at increased frequency
obstructive = lower at decreased frequency
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21
Q

best indicators of liver function

A

albumin and PT (measure protein synthesis)

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22
Q

inhibin

A

secreted by sertoli cells for short loop feedback on FSH secretion

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23
Q

cause of infant torticollis

A

malpositioning in uterus

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24
Q

important cytokine in giant cell temporal arteritis

A

IL6

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25
anti-myeloperoxidase
ANCA
26
anti-proteinase 3
ANCA
27
timeline of capillary hemangiomas
grow with child and then regress
28
specific high lab that can cause pancreatitis
hypertriglyceridemia (excess free fatty acids not bound by albumin can cause direct damage to pancreas)
29
high bilirubin after fasting
Gilbert
30
immunologic things seen in polymyositis
- increased expression of MHCI leading to CD8 infiltrate | - anti-Jo antibodies
31
mechanism for extended beta lactamase resistance
plasmids
32
hormone with relationship to opioid receptor
ACTH (produced from POMC, which also makes MSH and endorphins)
33
someatomedin
like insulin, promotes growth
34
if you zap the ventromedial nucleus....
you grow ventrally and medially (get fat)
35
nucleolus
synthesis of ribosomes (RNA pol I)
36
busprione
slow onset of action - nonbenzo for treatment of GAD - partial agonist at 5HT receptors
37
changes in lactase deficiency
- low pH stool - positive hydrogen breath test - osmotic diarrhea
38
Ki-67
Burkitt lymphoma
39
two types of Burkitt's lymphoma
- jaw lesion endemic in Africa | - pelvis or abdomen in sporadic form
40
diastolic vs systolic dysfuntion
``` systolic = dilated heart failure diastolic = hypertrophic heart failure ```
41
factitious disorder
purposely produce signs and symptoms of disease to fulfill sick role (no external motivation)
42
treatment for restless leg
dopamine agonists
43
cryptogenic organizing pneumonia
- interstitial lung disease - acute with fever and weight loss - granulation tissue and inflammatory debris in distal airways
44
locations of honeycomb fibrosis
subpleural or paraseptal spaces
45
abnormal bone pathology in kidney disease
osteodystrophy (loss of calcium in urine leads to increase in PTH and bone breakdown)
46
non smoking lung cancer
adenocarcinoma
47
osteoid matrix accumulation around trabeculae
osteomalacia
48
persistence of primary spongiosa in medullary canal
osteopetrosis
49
trabecular thinning
osteoporosis
50
downside of oxygen therapy in neonates
BPD and retinopathy of prematurity
51
slow gall bladder emptying after giving CCK
gall bladder hypomotility, can cause sludge (dehydration of contents)
52
distal duodenal ulcer
zollinger ellison syndrome
53
secretin in ZE syndrome
paradoxically causes gastrin release from tumor
54
AV nodal artery
comes from whatever is the dominant artery of the heart (usually right)
55
treatment for febrile seizures
supportive care
56
freezes of meiosis in egg growth
- halted at prophase of meiosis I after birth | - halted at metaphase of meiosis II after ovulation
57
leucovorin in methotrexate/5-FU
rescue in methotrexate, makes 5-FU stronger
58
treatment for narcolepsy
modafinil
59
mechanism of Shiga toxin
block protein synthesis
60
anovulatory cycles
no ovulation, no progesterone release, endometrium continues to grow, leads to long periods in spotting in adolescents
61
nerve injured in anterior dislocation of humerus
axillary
62
thing causing superior vena cava syndrome
mediastinal mass (can be caused by pancoast tumor, but that usually has Horner and shoulder pain)
63
lung hamartoma
cartilage, fat, smooth muscle and respiratory epithilium
64
sebaceous method of secretion
holocrine
65
mechanism for excess glutamine in hepatic encephalopathy
brain takes up ammonia to prevent too much glutatmate (but with too much ammonia in blood it forms too much glutamine)
66
effect potentiation
ability of one drug to improve the efficacy of another
67
RAS activates...
MAP kinase which enters nulceus to increase transcription
68
back pain worse at night
metastatic
69
complications of varicose veins
edema, skin ulcers, infections
70
myclonus
like hiccups, brief contractions
71
dystonia
sustained involuntary muscle contractions
72
haptoglobin level in hemolytic anemia
low (takes up hemoglobin)

AAA - Board by day (28 decks)

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