3/29 Flashcards
ecological studies
use population data instead of individuals
- used to make conclusions but should not be extrapolated to individuals
nested case-control
starts as cohort study and patients that develop disease are put in cases of case-control
most common cause of spontaneous pneumothorax in young male
- subpleural blebs
- smoking is risk factor
problem in cyanide poisoning
- inhibits cytochrome c enzyme for oxygen phosphorylation
- oxygen can not be used by tissues for energy
amyl nitrite
- forms methemoglobin
- useful for treating cyanide poisoning because it can bind the cyanide and excrete it
cofactor used by PEPCK in gluconeogenesis
GTP (produced from succinyl-CoA synthetase)
worm with eggs laid in intestine
strongyloides (only larvae are found in stools)
perianal egg deposition
enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)
proglottids in stool
tapeworms (t solium, t saginata, diphyllobothrium latum)
trophozoites and cysts in stool
giardia and entamoeba
exchanger in RBCs for carbonic anhydrase
chloride/bicarb exchanger (to maintain electric charge)
baby most likely to get HepB
mom with HBeAg (marker for infectivity)
- however babies don’t show many signs and symptoms due to immune tolerant phase
McCune Albright triad
- fibrous dysplasia (osteolytic lesions of hips and pelvis
- endocrine abnormalities
- cafe-au-lait spots
defect in McCune Albright
constitutively active G protein
two diseases with cafe au lait spots
McCune Albright (coast of Maine) and NF1 (coast of California)
Legg-Calve-Perthes
isolated idiopathic osteonecrosis of hip
hemosiderin laden macrophages in lung
heart failure cells due to left ventricular dysfunction
organic portion of bone
osteoid, laid down by osteoblasts
12th ribs sits behind….
kidney
work of breathing is restrictive and obstructive lung disease
restrictive = lower work of breathing at increased frequency obstructive = lower at decreased frequency
best indicators of liver function
albumin and PT (measure protein synthesis)
inhibin
secreted by sertoli cells for short loop feedback on FSH secretion
cause of infant torticollis
malpositioning in uterus
important cytokine in giant cell temporal arteritis
IL6
anti-myeloperoxidase
ANCA
anti-proteinase 3
ANCA
timeline of capillary hemangiomas
grow with child and then regress
specific high lab that can cause pancreatitis
hypertriglyceridemia (excess free fatty acids not bound by albumin can cause direct damage to pancreas)
high bilirubin after fasting
Gilbert
immunologic things seen in polymyositis
- increased expression of MHCI leading to CD8 infiltrate
- anti-Jo antibodies
mechanism for extended beta lactamase resistance
plasmids
hormone with relationship to opioid receptor
ACTH (produced from POMC, which also makes MSH and endorphins)
someatomedin
like insulin, promotes growth
if you zap the ventromedial nucleus….
you grow ventrally and medially (get fat)
nucleolus
synthesis of ribosomes (RNA pol I)
busprione
slow onset of action
- nonbenzo for treatment of GAD
- partial agonist at 5HT receptors
changes in lactase deficiency
- low pH stool
- positive hydrogen breath test
- osmotic diarrhea
Ki-67
Burkitt lymphoma
two types of Burkitt’s lymphoma
- jaw lesion endemic in Africa
- pelvis or abdomen in sporadic form
diastolic vs systolic dysfuntion
systolic = dilated heart failure diastolic = hypertrophic heart failure
factitious disorder
purposely produce signs and symptoms of disease to fulfill sick role (no external motivation)
treatment for restless leg
dopamine agonists
cryptogenic organizing pneumonia
- interstitial lung disease
- acute with fever and weight loss
- granulation tissue and inflammatory debris in distal airways
locations of honeycomb fibrosis
subpleural or paraseptal spaces
abnormal bone pathology in kidney disease
osteodystrophy (loss of calcium in urine leads to increase in PTH and bone breakdown)
non smoking lung cancer
adenocarcinoma
osteoid matrix accumulation around trabeculae
osteomalacia
persistence of primary spongiosa in medullary canal
osteopetrosis
trabecular thinning
osteoporosis
downside of oxygen therapy in neonates
BPD and retinopathy of prematurity
slow gall bladder emptying after giving CCK
gall bladder hypomotility, can cause sludge (dehydration of contents)
distal duodenal ulcer
zollinger ellison syndrome
secretin in ZE syndrome
paradoxically causes gastrin release from tumor
AV nodal artery
comes from whatever is the dominant artery of the heart (usually right)
treatment for febrile seizures
supportive care
freezes of meiosis in egg growth
- halted at prophase of meiosis I after birth
- halted at metaphase of meiosis II after ovulation
leucovorin in methotrexate/5-FU
rescue in methotrexate, makes 5-FU stronger
treatment for narcolepsy
modafinil
mechanism of Shiga toxin
block protein synthesis
anovulatory cycles
no ovulation, no progesterone release, endometrium continues to grow, leads to long periods in spotting in adolescents
nerve injured in anterior dislocation of humerus
axillary
thing causing superior vena cava syndrome
mediastinal mass (can be caused by pancoast tumor, but that usually has Horner and shoulder pain)
lung hamartoma
cartilage, fat, smooth muscle and respiratory epithilium
sebaceous method of secretion
holocrine
mechanism for excess glutamine in hepatic encephalopathy
brain takes up ammonia to prevent too much glutatmate (but with too much ammonia in blood it forms too much glutamine)
effect potentiation
ability of one drug to improve the efficacy of another
RAS activates…
MAP kinase which enters nulceus to increase transcription
back pain worse at night
metastatic
complications of varicose veins
edema, skin ulcers, infections
myclonus
like hiccups, brief contractions
dystonia
sustained involuntary muscle contractions
haptoglobin level in hemolytic anemia
low (takes up hemoglobin)
