3/21 Flashcards
Dandy Walker
hypoplasia and absence of cerebellar vermis, dilation of fourth ventricle and enlargement of posterior fossa
type of speech in Brocas defect
agrammatic, not slurred (that would be dysphagia)
unmyelinated nerves include…
autonomic postganglionic, heat sensation, slow onset dull or visceral pain, olfactory nerves
myelinated nerves include…..
motor neurons, golgi tendon neurons, pacinian corpuscles and preganglionic autonomics
sublmiation
channeling negative energy into something more acceptable
perforation of nasal septum
cocaine abuse
timing of acute stress disorder
between 3 days and one month
GFR after nephrectomy
gets cut in half then increases to 80% (remember GFR is amount filtered per unit time)
pathophys of ARDS
injury to alveolar pneumocytes and pulmonary endothelium, accelerated by neutrophils
drugs associated with pulmonary fibrosis
amiodarone, methotrexate, bleomycin and nitrofuratoin
COX inhibitors and asthma
they make it worse because pathway gets shunted to leukotrienes
blood agents used in acute coronary syndrome vs valve/afib
ACS = antiplatelets
valve and afib = warfarin
heart defect in DiGeorge
truncus arteriosus
afterload effect on muscles
higher afterload = lower length of contraction
difficulty chewing and ptosis
myasthenia gravis (associated with thymoma)
labs in DKA
- high glucose (no insulin)
- high potassium (no insulin to drive into cell)
- low sodium (glucose over as osmolar molecule)
pseudohypoparathyroidism
due to end organ resistance to PTH (low calcium and high PTH)
endocrine disease with lymphoid germinal centers
hashimotos thyroiditis
insulin levels in insulin resistence
high (more is secreted due to high levels of glucose)
most common cause of microcytic anemia
iron deficiency (which can cause reduced taste, burning in mouth and lip dryness)
cadherins
present in adherens junctions and desmosomes
structure most at risk in PCL injury
popliteal artery
atopic dermatitis
same as eczema (atopic = nothing touched it)
composition of sweat
hypotonic, low in bicarb
COL1A1
osteogenesis imperfecta
FMR1
Fragile X
red saffarin O
stains cartilage, mast cell granules and mucin red
muscles of layrnx innervation
all by recurrent laryngeal nerve except cricothyroid (external laryngeal nerve)
skin callus increase layer
stratum coneum
globus sensation
feeling that something is in the throat, worse with saliva, psych disorder
high acid in duodenum causes….
bicarb rich pancreatic secretion (increase in acid production from food in stomach)
high flow rates in pacreatic secretion
high in bicarb, low in chloride
acanthosis nigricans indicates….
insulin resistance or GI malignancy
starting infection in PID
cervix
androgen insensitivity presentation
XY person with Tanner 5 breasts and blind end vaginal and criptorchid testes
- high testosterone is converted to estrogens peripherally so breast develop
androgen binding protein
- in Sertoli cells it binds testosterone
- if sertoli cells are defective, serum testosterone is normal but it will be low in testes because it leaks back out with no ABP
common complication of fibroids
bleeding during menses
leuprolide
GnRH agonist
finasteride
5 alpha reductase inhibitor (testosterone to DHT)
flutamide
androgen blocker
no need for supplementation of what in pregnancy
vitamin A, too much is teratogenic
dark urine in heme defect
acute intermittent porphyria (PBG deficiency)
B12 deficiency timeline
over years, but sensory deficits can be permanent
N-terminal peptide signal
for sending proteins to ER
acyl CoA dehydrogenase deficiency presenation
hypoglycemic and no ketones (can’t use fatty acids to make acetyl CoA, glucose or ketones)
Kozak and Shine-Dalgarno sequences
conserved sequences in mRNA for initiation of translation
internal ribosome entry
to allow translation to continue during apoptosis
PBP type of enzyme
transpeptidase
molluscum contagiosum histology
molluscum bodies of eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusions made of viral particles
herpes simplex histology
ballooning multinucleated giant cells
papillomavirus histology
epidermal hyperplasia with enlarged nuclei and cytoplasmic vacuolization with perinuclear halos
yellow honey crust
staph
do prokaryotes have a nucleus?
NO (and gram negatives have two membranes)
DNA virus out of nucleus
pox
RNA virus in nucleus
orthomyxo and retroviruses
most common cause of viral meningitis
enteroviruses (part of pico family)
30s subunit antibiotic
tetracycline and aminoglycosides (think of the clocks in Sketchy)
methylamine silver stain
for all fungi
- aspergillus is broomed shaped)
invariant chain of MHC
use to join alpha and beta chains, in degraded after it is brought to membrane
infliximab
anti TNF alpha
imatinib
inhibits BCR-ABL
standard error
measure of variability from a mean
DNA ladder
marker of apoptosis
pleiotropy
one gene causes many phenotypic effects
allelic heterogeneity
different mutation on same gene cause same phenotype
polygenic disorder
multiple unrelated genes cause same disease
sweating autonomic
sympathetic function that uses acetylcholine as a trasmitter
microscopic types of bone
woven and lamellar
Gq vs Gs
q = phospholipase C, IP3, DAG, protein kinase C s = cAMP
HOXA13
homeobox gene for development, causes hand-foot-genital syndrome
maxiallary sinus drains to….
middle nasal meatus
