3/25 Flashcards
way to prevent tetanus in neonates
vaccinate mom
drug of choice for beta blocker overdose
glucagon, increases cAMP and calcium for more contractions
drugs that stay in plasma
large molecular weight, protein bound or hydrophilic
low volume of distribution
3-5L, drug remains in the plasma
timeline for major depressive disorder
over 2 weeks
transference
shifting emotions from person in the past to person in the present
ground glass hepatocytes
seen in hepatitis B
- diffuse homogeneous eosinophilic cytoplasm
- due to accumulation of hepatic surface antigen
Mallory bodies
- seen in hepatic steatosis
- eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions made of intermediate filaments
dividing line of the anterior 2/3 of tongue and posterior 1/3
terminal sulcus and foramen cecum
medications leading to osteoporosis
- cytochrome p450 inducers
- ones that decrease estrogen
- PPIs (loss of acidic environment needed for calcium absorption)
- glucocorticoids
cerebellar tumors in kids
pilocytic astrocytoma and medulloblastoma
most important characteristic for identifying Hodgkins lymphoma
Reed Sternberg cells (may be many different cell types but you can’t distinguish this from a normal reaction to infection)
vWF binds to…..
collagen and glycoproteins on platelets
- also carrier protein for factor 8
most important risk factor for aortic dissection
hypertension
large AV difference in inhaled anesthetics
indicates high solubility in peripheral tissue and slow onset of action
rate of induction and potency in inhaled anesthetics
they are completely different measures
- rate of induction is dependent on solubility
- potency is inversely proportional to MAC
how is alanine converted to pyruvate
along with the conversion of ketoglutarate to glutamate (B6 is cofactor)
concentric vs eccentric hypertrophy
concentric = hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, hypertension, aortic stenosis eccentric = volume overload
organisms in secondary pneumonia
s pneumoniae, s aureus and h flu
thyroid cancer with amyloid
medullary cancer
giant cells in tumor
usually anaplastic
long slender microvilli and abundant tonofilaments
mesothelioma
rounded polygonal cells with abundant clear cytoplasm
renal cell carcinoma
common lab finding in CF
hyponatremia due to loss of sodium in sweat because chloride can not be reabsorbed
major process affected by achondroplasia
endochondral ossification due to inhibition of chondrocyte proliferation
most common problem predisposing to infective endocarditis
mitral valve prolapse in developing countries, rheumatic heart disease in others
sirolimus
blocks mTOR, inhibiting IL2 activation
green color in sputum
due to myeloperoxidase in neutorphils
clopidegrel
inhibits platelet aggregation by blocking P2Y12 on platelet ADP receptors
plantar foot innervation
tibial nerve
spherules packed with endospores
coccidioides
when to give antibiotics for group B strep in mom
35-37 weeks
bacteria that synthesize dextrans from sucrose
strep viridans
metyropone
blocks cortisol production, used as a test for ACTH production
drugs used in MI to slow heart
cardioselective beta blockers (ABEAM)
proteasome inhibitors
lead to toxic accumulation of metabolites, leading to apoptosis
mutation in myeloproliferative disorders
JAK-STAT (except CML)
pulsion diverticulum
cause due to pressure, as opposed to traction due to inflammation, scarring and pulling
cystic medial degeneration
only in Marfans, aortic dissection
major cause of AAA
transmural inflammation
rubber like properties of elastin
fibrillin crosslinks due to lysyl oxidase, forming desmosine crosslinks
schizoid vs schizotypal personality disorsers
- schizoid = loner, detached, unemotional
- typal = eccentric, odd beliefs
effects of milrinone
increased cardiac contractility and arterial dilation (due to increase in cAMP)
embryology of kidney
- metanephric blastema = everything from glomerulus to DCT
- ureteric bud = everything from collecting duct to ureter
chronic lung rejection leads to….
bronchiolitis obliterans
vessel involved in lateral medullary syndrome
posterior inferior cerebellar artery, branching from vertebral
major feature of glucagonoma
necrolytic migratory erythema
peau d’orange
often itchy rash with breast edema is indicative of inflamatory breast cancer
most common cause of calcium stones
normocalcemia, hypercalineruia
loud P2
pulmonary hypertension
arterial supply to greater body/fundus of stomach
short gastric arteries off of splenic artery
colonization of bronchial mucosa in asthmatics
aspergillus
cause of low contraction in myasthenia gravis
fewer receptors means decrease in end plate potential, meaning threshold can not be reached and muscles do not depolarize
leuprolide effect on testosterone
initial increase followed by an eventual decrease in levels
proximal tubular cell ballooning and vacuolar degeneration
ATN
oxalate crystals in tubular lumen
ethylene glycol poisoning
most common reason for dystrophic calcification
necrosis
risk for low citrate
calcium stones (citrate usually binds extra calcium in the kidney, leading to its excretion)
turn blue early in life vs occuring later
early = tetralogy of Fallot later = Eisemmeger
embryology cause of tetralogy of fallot
anterior and cephalad deviation of the infundibular septum (between aorta and pulmonic trunk)
drugs that can cause and IgE independent reaction
opioids, radiocontrasts and vancomycin
drug for reducing alcohol cravings
naltrexone (opioid receptor blocker)
most common disorder of heme synthesis
porphyria cutanea tarda
porphyria cutanea tarda
- presents as photosensitivity that has vesicles and blistering on sun exposed areas
- due to lack of uroporphyrinogne decarboxylase
HIV associated dementia
inflammatory activation of microglial cells (leads to cytokine release and destruction)
- primarily affects subcortical structures
TLC/RV ratio in COPD
smaller because there is a greater increase in RV than in TLC
major compartment increased in COPD
residual volume
treatment for drug induced parkinsons
centrally acting antimuscarinic (not levadopa because it can make psychosis worse)
most potent diuretic used for decompensated heart failure
furosemide
hepcidin
decrease amount of ferroportin in enterocytes for bringing iron into the body
- central regulator for iron homeostasis
parakeratotic coreum
psoriasis
treatment for trigeminal neuralgia
carbamezepine
anti cyclic citrullinated antibodies
rheumatoid arthritis
increasae in MMPs at a wound
contracture
