3/20 Flashcards
length constant
how far an impulse can travel down a nerve
- lower in MS
red neurons
- 12-24 hours after ischemia
- eosinophilic staining, pyknotic nuclei with fragmentation
- cell infiltration comes after
time table for liquefactive necrosis after stroke
1-4 weeks
flocculonodular lobe of cerebellum
for balance and eye movements
motor and somatosensory gyri
motor is in front of central sulcus, sensory is behind
frontal eye fields
control horizontal eye movement
first area of brain damaged in global ischemia
hippocampus
damage to Brocas area
trouble making words
damage to Wernekies area
troubing making sensical words (trouble with thought)
baclofen
GABA-B agonist for MS
- can also use alpha 2 agonists
Rett syndrome
- MECP2 gene
- hand movements and decceleration of head growth
atypical depression
- mood reactivity, leaden paralysis, sensitivity to criticism, increased sleep and appetite
- can treat with MAOi
short acting benzos
triazolam, oxazepam and midazolam
buprenorphine
partial opioid agonist with high potency used to treat opioid addiction
digoxin clearance
renal, low renal function can increase toxicity
large eosinophilic casts in urine
Bence Jones protein in multiple myeloma
eosinophil mix up in kidneys
- eosinophils in peripheral = hypersensitivity interstitial nephritis
- eosinophilic casts in urine = multiple myeloma
rasburicase MOA
convert uric acid into more soluble products to be excreted
minimal change disease is most similar to….
focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, both are the result of cytokines
spike and dome nephropathy
membranous nephropahty
membranous always means…..
immune complex desposition
hypercalcemia in sarcoidosis
1 alpha hydroxylase activation by macrophages
complication of theophylline toxicity
seizures and tachyarrhythmias
familial pulmonary hypertension
causes smooth muscle proliferation
gas exchange is _______ limited
perfusion (diffusion occurs very rapidly)
faster diffuser, CO2 or O2
CO2 x 20, so in diffusion defect, oxygen is much more affected
lowest vascular resistance is at what lung volume
functional residual capacity
findings in silicosis
eggshell calcifications and birefringent particles
hemangiomas (fruit)
cherry in adults, strawberry in kids
antiarrhythmics that cause QT prolongation
class IA and class III but no risk for torsades in amiodarone)
obstruction in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
interventricular septum and mitral valve leaflet
most important autoregulators of cardiac vessel tone
NO and adenosine
severity of symptoms in tetralogy of fallot
due to pulmonary outflow obstruction
foramen ovale is between what chambers
atria
patent foramen ovale is due to….
incomplete fusion of septum primum and septum secundum
fixed splitting is seen in what heart defect
ASD
S3 is due to….
ventricular volume overload
pressure in the right atrium
very low (same as the vena cava)
diastolic pressure in pulmonary arteries
rises, due to the resistance in pulmonary capillaries and back pressure from left atrium
carcinoid heart disease
excessive secretion of serotonin which stimulates fibroblast growth factors on endocardium
type of collagen in scar after myocardial infarction
type I
treatment for radioactive iodine poisoning
iodine, decreases radioactive uptake
treatment for carcinoid syndrome
octreotide
unique lab in spherocytosis
MCHC
clinical picture in multiple myeloma
- fatigability
- constipation (hypercalcemia)
- bone pain
- high serum protein
- renal failure
direct bilirubin
can dissolve directly into blood
calcium and blood transfusions
citrate can acts as a chelator and lower calcium
association with reactive arthritis
HLA-B27
if you see intermediolateral cell column….
you must be in the thoracic spine
muscle cells vs cardiac cells depolarization
muscle cells are less dependent on extracellular calcium due to coupling of L type calcium channels in cell membrane to ryanodine receptors in sarcoplasmic reticulum
Ladd’s fibrous band
- connect retrperitoneum in RLQ to right colon by passing over duodenum
- seen in midgut malrotation
two hormones with incretin effects
GLP-1 and gastric inhibitory peptide
excretion of copper
bound to ceruloplasmin in blood and excreted in stool and bile
gall stone obstruction in small instestine
most common in ileum and cecal junction
life threatening complication of ulcerative colitis
toxic megacolon
KRAS mutation in colon cancer
prevents use of anti-EGFR therapy
Gower hemoglobin
present in embryo, 2 zeta and 2 epsilon
common complication of BPH
UTI (not cancer)
things seen in amniotic fluid embolism
fetal squamous cells
hormones in PCOS
high LH and high estrogen (can lead to endometrial cancer)
PNMT
converts NE to Epi
IL3
produced by activated T cells, stimulating growth and differentiation, bone marrow
IPEX syndrome
- defect in FOX3 on Treg cells leading to autoimmunity
complement inhibitors
DAF and C1 esterase inhibitor
