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AAA - Board by day > 3/19 > Flashcards

3/19 Flashcards

1
Q

actions of facial nerve

A
  • facial muscles
  • parasympathetics to lacrimal, submandibular and sublingual glands
  • taste to anterior 2/3 of tongue
  • somatic afferent from pinn to external auditory canal
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2
Q

scotoma

A

area of visual defect surrounded by unimpaired vision

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3
Q

uncal herniation nerve

A
  • CNIII

- causes damage to parasympathetics leading to dilated pupil

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4
Q

ethosuximide MOA

A

blocks T-type calcium channels in thalamus

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5
Q

high doses of bupropion can cause…..

A

seizures

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6
Q

side effect of pscyhostimulants

A

decreased appetite and weight loss

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7
Q

acute treatment of COPD

A

beta agonist (increases in intracellular cAMP)

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8
Q

pulsus paradoxus in absence of pericardial disease

A

COPD and asthma

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9
Q

most common causes of ARDS

A

sepsis and pulmonary infectsion

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10
Q

intrapulmonary pressure at rest

A

at FRC, there is a -5mmHg intrapleural pressure to keep lung attached to chest wall

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11
Q

MOA of nitrates

A

increase in cGMP, leading to dephosphorylation of myosin light chain and smooth muscle relaxation

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12
Q

MOA of fibrates

A

block cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase (rate limiting step in bile acid synthesis)

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13
Q

side effect of fibrates

A

gall stones

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14
Q

side effect of hydralazine

A

sodium and fluid retention due to activation of RAAS

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15
Q

fluid dynamics in concurrent aortic and mitral disease

A

increase in LV diastolic pressure (proximal to both valves)

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16
Q

pressure change during inspriation

A

small decrease in pressure due to negative intrathoracic pressure

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17
Q

pulsus pardoxus

A

larger drop in systolic blood pressure during inspiration

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18
Q

cause of pulsus paradoxus

A

pericardial disease - due to increase blood return during inspiration leading to bulging to interventricular septum

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19
Q

mechanism for pulmonary hypertension in left heart failure

A

venous congestion

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20
Q

contraindication of ACS with COPD

A

beta blockers - can make the COPD worse

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21
Q

causes of nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis

A

underlying malignancy or chronic inflammation (lupus)

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22
Q

derived from common cardial veins

A

superior vena cava

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23
Q

immature blasts in peripheral blood

A

leukemia

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24
Q

leukemia with anterior mediastinal mass

A

T-ALL, can compress esophagus

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25
Q

leukocyte alkaline phosphatase

A

high in leukemoid reaction, normal in leukemia

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26
Q

Dohle bodies

A

basophilic granules in neutrophils seen in leukomoid reaction
- also can have toxic granulation and cytoplasmic vacuoles

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27
Q

dermatomyositis association

A

underlying malignancy

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28
Q

damage in nursemaids elbow

A

annular ligament

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29
Q

pernicious anemia damages….

A

parietal cells (less IF and acid)

30
Q

xanthelasmas and association

A
  • primary biliary cirrhosis
31
Q

changes of endometrium during ectopic

A

decidual changes without chorionic tissue (that would be in molar pregnancy)

32
Q

gut association with Down syndrome

A

umbilical hernia

33
Q

cause of spider angiomata

A

liver disease due to high estrogen

- can also be seen in pregnancy due to high estrogen

34
Q

gynecomastia in liver disease

A

due to increase in estrogen, increase in binding globulins and decrease in testosterone

35
Q

pigmented bile stones

A 
black = hemolysis
brown = infection
36
Q

enzyme in brown stones

A
  • beta-glucuronidase from organisms

- increase in the amount of unconjugated bilirubin leading to stones

37
Q

supplementation for infants

A

vitamin K and D

38
Q

PCOS and endometrium

A

anovulatory cycle leads to decrease in progesterone and endometrial growth (can cause carcinoma)

39
Q

human placental lactogen

A
  • secreted by syncytiotrophoblast in 2/3 trimester

- causes insensitivity to insulin so baby can get more for growth

40
Q

glycogen synthetase activation

A

protein phosphatase dephosphorylates glycogen synthase, leading to its activation

41
Q

HMG CoA reductase

A

for cholesterol synthesis

42
Q

test for vitamin B12 deficiency

A

high methylmalonic acid

43
Q

alternative pathway for fructose into glycolysis

A

hexokinase

44
Q

location of very long chain fatty acid breakdown

A

peroxisomes

45
Q

thick walled spherules with endospores

A

coccidioides

46
Q

phenotypic mixing

A

cell surface mixing, not necessarily gene mixing (as opposed to genetic reassortment)

47
Q

aminoglycoside resistance

A

bacteria adds chemical groups

48
Q

disease in parvovirus

A

erythema infectiosum in kids and arthropathy in adults

49
Q

clostridium toxin

A

damage to cytoskeletal elements and tight junctions

50
Q

intracellular inclusions and hemolytic anemia

A

babeiosis (have both ring and cross in contrast to malaria)

51
Q

rheumatic fever has to be followed by….

A

pharyngitis, not skin infection

52
Q

foscarnet and cidofovir side effects

A 
foscarnet = electrolyte disturbances
cidofovir = kidney damage
53
Q

bartonella causes….

A
  • cat scratch disease with axillary lymphadenopathy

- bacillary angiomatosis in immunocompromised hosts

54
Q

highly infective organisms

A
  • shigella, campylobacter, entamoeba, and giardia
55
Q

most common location of staph aureus

A

anterior nares

56
Q

vitamins produced by enteric bacteria

A

Vitamin K, B12 and folate

57
Q

what prevents candida spread

A
  • T cells superficially

- neutrophils in blood

58
Q

mycoplasma genus lacks….

A

cell wall

59
Q

how does e coli cause bacteremia

A

through UTI

60
Q

anaphylaxis during blood transfusion

A

IgA deficiency (IgE antibodies are formed against IgA)

61
Q

opsonization molecules

A

IgG adn C3b

62
Q

selectins

A

for rolling

63
Q

ICAMs

A

for tight adhesion

64
Q

PECAMs

A

for transmigration

65
Q

delayed umbilical cord detachment

A

leukocyte adhesion deficiency (can’t form immune reaction)

66
Q

ubiquitin ligase

A

important for breaking down proteins to be presented on MHC molecules

67
Q

acute inflammation cytokines

A

IL1, IL6 and TNF-alpha

68
Q

imprinting chromosomes

A

methylation and inactivation

69
Q

hallmark of cellular damage

A

damage to membrane

70
Q

carrier frequency

A

2pq (remember that q is a fraction)

71
Q

p-glycoprotein

A

eliminates foreign bodies with ATP pump

- used in cancer cells to exflux drug

72
Q

two pathways using carbamoyl phosphate

A
  • pyrimidine synthesis and urea cycle

- orotic aciduria and OTC deficiency both cause build up in orotic acid (only orotic aciduria has megaloblastic anemia)

AAA - Board by day (28 decks)

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