3/19 Flashcards
actions of facial nerve
- facial muscles
- parasympathetics to lacrimal, submandibular and sublingual glands
- taste to anterior 2/3 of tongue
- somatic afferent from pinn to external auditory canal
scotoma
area of visual defect surrounded by unimpaired vision
uncal herniation nerve
- CNIII
- causes damage to parasympathetics leading to dilated pupil
ethosuximide MOA
blocks T-type calcium channels in thalamus
high doses of bupropion can cause…..
seizures
side effect of pscyhostimulants
decreased appetite and weight loss
acute treatment of COPD
beta agonist (increases in intracellular cAMP)
pulsus paradoxus in absence of pericardial disease
COPD and asthma
most common causes of ARDS
sepsis and pulmonary infectsion
intrapulmonary pressure at rest
at FRC, there is a -5mmHg intrapleural pressure to keep lung attached to chest wall
MOA of nitrates
increase in cGMP, leading to dephosphorylation of myosin light chain and smooth muscle relaxation
MOA of fibrates
block cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase (rate limiting step in bile acid synthesis)
side effect of fibrates
gall stones
side effect of hydralazine
sodium and fluid retention due to activation of RAAS
fluid dynamics in concurrent aortic and mitral disease
increase in LV diastolic pressure (proximal to both valves)
pressure change during inspriation
small decrease in pressure due to negative intrathoracic pressure
pulsus pardoxus
larger drop in systolic blood pressure during inspiration
cause of pulsus paradoxus
pericardial disease - due to increase blood return during inspiration leading to bulging to interventricular septum
mechanism for pulmonary hypertension in left heart failure
venous congestion
contraindication of ACS with COPD
beta blockers - can make the COPD worse
causes of nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis
underlying malignancy or chronic inflammation (lupus)
derived from common cardial veins
superior vena cava
immature blasts in peripheral blood
leukemia
leukemia with anterior mediastinal mass
T-ALL, can compress esophagus
leukocyte alkaline phosphatase
high in leukemoid reaction, normal in leukemia
Dohle bodies
basophilic granules in neutrophils seen in leukomoid reaction
- also can have toxic granulation and cytoplasmic vacuoles
dermatomyositis association
underlying malignancy
damage in nursemaids elbow
annular ligament
pernicious anemia damages….
parietal cells (less IF and acid)
xanthelasmas and association
- primary biliary cirrhosis
changes of endometrium during ectopic
decidual changes without chorionic tissue (that would be in molar pregnancy)
gut association with Down syndrome
umbilical hernia
cause of spider angiomata
liver disease due to high estrogen
- can also be seen in pregnancy due to high estrogen
gynecomastia in liver disease
due to increase in estrogen, increase in binding globulins and decrease in testosterone
pigmented bile stones
black = hemolysis brown = infection
enzyme in brown stones
- beta-glucuronidase from organisms
- increase in the amount of unconjugated bilirubin leading to stones
supplementation for infants
vitamin K and D
PCOS and endometrium
anovulatory cycle leads to decrease in progesterone and endometrial growth (can cause carcinoma)
human placental lactogen
- secreted by syncytiotrophoblast in 2/3 trimester
- causes insensitivity to insulin so baby can get more for growth
glycogen synthetase activation
protein phosphatase dephosphorylates glycogen synthase, leading to its activation
HMG CoA reductase
for cholesterol synthesis
test for vitamin B12 deficiency
high methylmalonic acid
alternative pathway for fructose into glycolysis
hexokinase
location of very long chain fatty acid breakdown
peroxisomes
thick walled spherules with endospores
coccidioides
phenotypic mixing
cell surface mixing, not necessarily gene mixing (as opposed to genetic reassortment)
aminoglycoside resistance
bacteria adds chemical groups
disease in parvovirus
erythema infectiosum in kids and arthropathy in adults
clostridium toxin
damage to cytoskeletal elements and tight junctions
intracellular inclusions and hemolytic anemia
babeiosis (have both ring and cross in contrast to malaria)
rheumatic fever has to be followed by….
pharyngitis, not skin infection
foscarnet and cidofovir side effects
foscarnet = electrolyte disturbances cidofovir = kidney damage
bartonella causes….
- cat scratch disease with axillary lymphadenopathy
- bacillary angiomatosis in immunocompromised hosts
highly infective organisms
- shigella, campylobacter, entamoeba, and giardia
most common location of staph aureus
anterior nares
vitamins produced by enteric bacteria
Vitamin K, B12 and folate
what prevents candida spread
- T cells superficially
- neutrophils in blood
mycoplasma genus lacks….
cell wall
how does e coli cause bacteremia
through UTI
anaphylaxis during blood transfusion
IgA deficiency (IgE antibodies are formed against IgA)
opsonization molecules
IgG adn C3b
selectins
for rolling
ICAMs
for tight adhesion
PECAMs
for transmigration
delayed umbilical cord detachment
leukocyte adhesion deficiency (can’t form immune reaction)
ubiquitin ligase
important for breaking down proteins to be presented on MHC molecules
acute inflammation cytokines
IL1, IL6 and TNF-alpha
imprinting chromosomes
methylation and inactivation
hallmark of cellular damage
damage to membrane
carrier frequency
2pq (remember that q is a fraction)
p-glycoprotein
eliminates foreign bodies with ATP pump
- used in cancer cells to exflux drug
two pathways using carbamoyl phosphate
- pyrimidine synthesis and urea cycle
- orotic aciduria and OTC deficiency both cause build up in orotic acid (only orotic aciduria has megaloblastic anemia)
