3/24 Flashcards
cells that IL2 activates
T cells, B cells, NK cells, monocytes, helper T cells
major side effect of apmphtericin
hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia (renal dysfunction)
HELLP
hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes and lop platelets
projection
thinking your feelings are the feelings of someone else
selection bias
systemic differences between groups in terms of treatment response or prognosis, not representative of population at large
cervical cancer in a young patient
in the immunocompromised (T cell deficiency)
squatting in tetralogy of Fallot
increases systemic vascular resistance, sending more blood to lungs
superior colliculus
controls vertical gaze
painful lesion that isn’t herpes
chancroid (H dureyi) - you do cry
riluzole
for treatment of ALS
- decreases glutamate release
mutation in ALS
SOD1 - copper-zinc superoxide dismutase
antibodies in polymyositis
Anti-Jo-1 = anti-histidyl-tRNA synthetase
findings worse on chest xray than symptoms
mycoplasma (walking pneumonia)
- common in military recruits
left vs right colon tumors
- ascending = occult blood in stool
- descending = obstructive (apple core)
how cells stay bound to collagen
integrins in cell membranes bind fibronectin which binds to collagen
compound vs junctional nevus
- compound = cells have begun to move to dermis
- junctional = cells remain at dermal-epidermal junction
vessels most susceptible to atherosclerosis
abdominal aorta and coronary arteries
two tests for biliary disease
alk phos and GGTP (differentiates bone from biliary)
muscle in greater sciatic foramen
piriformis
stimulation to make TH1 cell
IFN-gamma and IL12
TH1 cells secrete…
IFN-gamma, IL2 and lymphotoxin beta
dimercaprol
treatment for arsenic poisoning (chelates heavy metals)
CaNa2EDTA
treatment of lead poisoning
deferoxamine
treatment of blood transfusions (too much iron)
hydroxycobalamin treatment
for cyanide poisoning
methylene blue
treatment of methemoglobinemia
microsomal monooxygenase
cytochrome P450 enzyme in hepatic microsomes that metabolizes things - can convert procarcinogens to carcinogens
MOA of heparin
increases activity of antithrombin III
Kussmauls sign
paradoxical increase in JVP with inspiration
- occurs due to restrictive cardiomyopathy and rarely with tamponade
pulsus paradoxus
decrease in BP during inspiration
- due to chronic contrcitive pericarditis and tamponade
pericardial knock
brief sounds shortly after S2 in patients with constrictive pericarditis
gamma interferon
activates macrophages but is produced primarily by TH1 cells
side effects of naicin
flushing warmth and itching (due to prsotaglandin release)
- can be avoided with an aspirin
two medications given during status epilepticus
benzo and phenytoin
fibrous clots are broken down with ________, leading to MI
MMPs
thing to check before second generation pntipsychotics
lipid panel - can cause metabolic adverse events (clozapine is the one that can cause agranulocytosis)
major defect in CF
point mutation that causes problem in protein folding (post transcriptional modification)
major stimulation of respiration in healthy individuals
CO2 level (oxygen has small effect on respiratory drive unless it is really low)
uric acid precipitates in _______ enviornment
acidic (in the distal tubules of the collecting ducts)
clearance of coal dust
very fine so it is taken up by macrophages
during pregnancy, prolactin is inhibited by….
progesterone
timeline of b-hCG in pregnancy
rises to maintain corpus luteum for hormone synthesis, but eventually falls when placenta takes over (not important in late pregnancy)
branches off of celiac trunk
splenic, left gastric and common hepatic (gastroduodenal comes off of common hepatic)
most common type of brain tumor in children
pilocytic astrocytoma
risk for pregnancy dating error
irregular menses
calculating oral bioavailability from curves
oral AUC/IV AUC
st johns wort
activates p450
two major side effects of lithium
hypothyroidism and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
two major side effects of statins
myopathy and hepatotoxicity (measure liver function tests)
nerve in posterior triangle of neck
CN 11
risk in rubber exposure
transitional cell bladder cancer
kidney vs lung chronic rejection
- kidney = vascular
- lung = small airways (bronchiolitis obliterans)
spongiosis
in eczematous dermatitis (edema with distinct intercellular bridges
multinucleated giant cells in cancer
marker for anaplasia
examples of true diverticulum
Meckels and appendix
layers involved in false diverticulum
only mucosa and submucosa
acoustic Schwannoma locations
between pons and cerebellum
nonreversible symptoms of thiamine deficiency
loss of anterior and dorsal medial thalamic nuclei
- results in memory loss and confabulation
build up of metabolites in Dubin Johnson
catecholamine metabolites
Sudan III stain
check for fat in stool (malabsorption)
course of ureter
under gonadal and uterine vessels, over internal iliac
location of Meyer’s loop and dorsal optic radiation
Meyers loop = temporal lobe
Dorsal optic radiation = parietal lobe
recovery phase of ATN
vigorous diuresis without functioning tubules (loss of solutes with potassium being most serious)
MOA of action for acyclovir kidney injury
precipitates in tubules (can be prevented with aggressive hydration)
meglitinides
act the same as sulfonylurea (gliding bird in Sketchy)
germ tubes
psuedohyphae
mold that stains red in india ink
cryptococcus
reid index
measure of ratio of mucous layer to full epithelium
ribavirin MOA
nucleoside analog that blocks the synthesis of DNA
cleft lip and palate is due to…
fusion of maxillary prominence and intermaxillary segments to fuse
increase in PPRP synthase leads to…
increase in purine synthesis, leading to gout
markers of neuroendocrine tumors
neural adhesion molecules, neuron specific enolase, chromogranin, and neurofilaments
normal part of CN III in diabetic neuropathy
pupillary size and reactivity because they are located in the periphery of the nerve
hormone most increased during secretory phase
progesterone (think of the developing corpus luteum)
MOA for beta blocker in thyroid disease
blocks peripheral conversion of T4 to T3
hemolysis of enterococcus
gamma
mass effect tumors in adults
gliblastoma
vitamin E deficiency mimics what other disease
- vitamin B deficiency
- Friedreich’s ataxia
transthyretin
mutations can lead to amyloidosis and infiltrative cardiomyopathy leading to diastolic dysfunction
anti-arrythmetics with QT prolongation
Class IC and III
low blood counts in a young women
could be due to lupus, antibody dependent destruction of cells and platelets
crash symptoms drug withdrawral
from stimulants like cocaine or amphetamines
initial process of infective endocarditis
fibrin deposition (forms a nidus for bacteria to grow)
post-prandial epigastric pain with food aversion
chronic mesenteric ischemia (also with a history of atherosclerosis)
