3/24 Flashcards by Eric Swanson

cells that IL2 activates

T cells, B cells, NK cells, monocytes, helper T cells

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major side effect of apmphtericin

hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia (renal dysfunction)

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HELLP

hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes and lop platelets

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projection

thinking your feelings are the feelings of someone else

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selection bias

systemic differences between groups in terms of treatment response or prognosis, not representative of population at large

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cervical cancer in a young patient

in the immunocompromised (T cell deficiency)

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squatting in tetralogy of Fallot

increases systemic vascular resistance, sending more blood to lungs

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superior colliculus

controls vertical gaze

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painful lesion that isn’t herpes

chancroid (H dureyi) - you do cry

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riluzole

for treatment of ALS

- decreases glutamate release

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mutation in ALS

SOD1 - copper-zinc superoxide dismutase

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antibodies in polymyositis

Anti-Jo-1 = anti-histidyl-tRNA synthetase

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findings worse on chest xray than symptoms

mycoplasma (walking pneumonia)

- common in military recruits

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left vs right colon tumors

ascending = occult blood in stool

- descending = obstructive (apple core)

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how cells stay bound to collagen

integrins in cell membranes bind fibronectin which binds to collagen

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compound vs junctional nevus

compound = cells have begun to move to dermis

- junctional = cells remain at dermal-epidermal junction

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vessels most susceptible to atherosclerosis

abdominal aorta and coronary arteries

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two tests for biliary disease

alk phos and GGTP (differentiates bone from biliary)

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muscle in greater sciatic foramen

piriformis

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stimulation to make TH1 cell

IFN-gamma and IL12

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TH1 cells secrete…

IFN-gamma, IL2 and lymphotoxin beta

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dimercaprol

treatment for arsenic poisoning (chelates heavy metals)

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CaNa2EDTA

treatment of lead poisoning

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deferoxamine

treatment of blood transfusions (too much iron)

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hydroxycobalamin treatment

for cyanide poisoning

methylene blue

treatment of methemoglobinemia

microsomal monooxygenase

cytochrome P450 enzyme in hepatic microsomes that metabolizes things - can convert procarcinogens to carcinogens

MOA of heparin

increases activity of antithrombin III

Kussmauls sign

paradoxical increase in JVP with inspiration | - occurs due to restrictive cardiomyopathy and rarely with tamponade

pulsus paradoxus

decrease in BP during inspiration | - due to chronic contrcitive pericarditis and tamponade

pericardial knock

brief sounds shortly after S2 in patients with constrictive pericarditis

gamma interferon

activates macrophages but is produced primarily by TH1 cells

side effects of naicin

flushing warmth and itching (due to prsotaglandin release) | - can be avoided with an aspirin

two medications given during status epilepticus

benzo and phenytoin

fibrous clots are broken down with ________, leading to MI

MMPs

thing to check before second generation pntipsychotics

lipid panel - can cause metabolic adverse events (clozapine is the one that can cause agranulocytosis)

major defect in CF

point mutation that causes problem in protein folding (post transcriptional modification)

major stimulation of respiration in healthy individuals

CO2 level (oxygen has small effect on respiratory drive unless it is really low)

uric acid precipitates in _______ enviornment

acidic (in the distal tubules of the collecting ducts)

clearance of coal dust

very fine so it is taken up by macrophages

during pregnancy, prolactin is inhibited by....

progesterone

timeline of b-hCG in pregnancy

rises to maintain corpus luteum for hormone synthesis, but eventually falls when placenta takes over (not important in late pregnancy)

branches off of celiac trunk

splenic, left gastric and common hepatic (gastroduodenal comes off of common hepatic)

most common type of brain tumor in children

pilocytic astrocytoma

risk for pregnancy dating error

irregular menses

calculating oral bioavailability from curves

oral AUC/IV AUC

st johns wort

activates p450

two major side effects of lithium

hypothyroidism and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

two major side effects of statins

myopathy and hepatotoxicity (measure liver function tests)

nerve in posterior triangle of neck

CN 11

risk in rubber exposure

transitional cell bladder cancer

kidney vs lung chronic rejection

- kidney = vascular | - lung = small airways (bronchiolitis obliterans)

spongiosis

in eczematous dermatitis (edema with distinct intercellular bridges

multinucleated giant cells in cancer

marker for anaplasia

examples of true diverticulum

Meckels and appendix

layers involved in false diverticulum

only mucosa and submucosa

acoustic Schwannoma locations

between pons and cerebellum

nonreversible symptoms of thiamine deficiency

loss of anterior and dorsal medial thalamic nuclei | - results in memory loss and confabulation

build up of metabolites in Dubin Johnson

catecholamine metabolites

Sudan III stain

check for fat in stool (malabsorption)

course of ureter

under gonadal and uterine vessels, over internal iliac

location of Meyer's loop and dorsal optic radiation

Meyers loop = temporal lobe | Dorsal optic radiation = parietal lobe

recovery phase of ATN

vigorous diuresis without functioning tubules (loss of solutes with potassium being most serious)

MOA of action for acyclovir kidney injury

precipitates in tubules (can be prevented with aggressive hydration)

meglitinides

act the same as sulfonylurea (gliding bird in Sketchy)

germ tubes

psuedohyphae

mold that stains red in india ink

cryptococcus

reid index

measure of ratio of mucous layer to full epithelium

ribavirin MOA

nucleoside analog that blocks the synthesis of DNA

cleft lip and palate is due to...

fusion of maxillary prominence and intermaxillary segments to fuse

increase in PPRP synthase leads to...

increase in purine synthesis, leading to gout

markers of neuroendocrine tumors

neural adhesion molecules, neuron specific enolase, chromogranin, and neurofilaments

normal part of CN III in diabetic neuropathy

pupillary size and reactivity because they are located in the periphery of the nerve

hormone most increased during secretory phase

progesterone (think of the developing corpus luteum)

MOA for beta blocker in thyroid disease

blocks peripheral conversion of T4 to T3

hemolysis of enterococcus

gamma

mass effect tumors in adults

gliblastoma

vitamin E deficiency mimics what other disease

- vitamin B deficiency | - Friedreich's ataxia

transthyretin

mutations can lead to amyloidosis and infiltrative cardiomyopathy leading to diastolic dysfunction

anti-arrythmetics with QT prolongation

Class IC and III

low blood counts in a young women

could be due to lupus, antibody dependent destruction of cells and platelets

crash symptoms drug withdrawral

from stimulants like cocaine or amphetamines

initial process of infective endocarditis

fibrin deposition (forms a nidus for bacteria to grow)

post-prandial epigastric pain with food aversion

chronic mesenteric ischemia (also with a history of atherosclerosis)