3/28 Flashcards
nocturnal erections
remain present in psychogenic causes of erectile dysfunction (libido is decreased)
things resistant to standard autoclaving
prions
conversion disorder
- la belle indifference
- loss of sensory or motor function followed by an acute stressor
- patient is aware but indifferent
amplitude of action potential is dependent on….
length of time and number of sodium channels that are open
decreased muscle strength and increase reflexes
UMN lesion
biliary atresia
- blockage in biliary tree in newborn
- can lead to cirrhosis
obliterating endarteritis
seen in syphilis
- gummas do not form pus
oxygen consumption in kidney is directly correlated with….
amount of sodium that is reabsorbed in the proximal tubules
- reabsorption is energy driven due to basolateral ATP pump
white vs gray matter in spinal cord
gray matter = anterior and posterior horns, anterior commissure
white matter = everything else
actions of posterior column
vibration, two point discrimination, position and fine touch
chance of matching HLA types with sibling
although there are two HLA systems, they are present on same chromosome, so the change of matching with a sibling is 1:4
circumflex artery
always from the left, supplying left atrium and ventricle
tubocurine
toxic alkaloid that led to development of nondepolarizing muscular blockers
- can block diaphragm function
catabolite activator
its not a real thing
allosteric enzymes change….
binding affinity
tissues that can perform gluconeogenisis
kidney and liver
syndrome with female breast and genitalia, XY with no internal female structures
androgen insensitivity syndrome
caplan syndrome
combination of RA and pneumconiosis
mri in subarachnoid aneurysm rupture
hyperdensity in cisterns and sulci
cancer associated with aflatoxin
liver cancer - hepatocellular carcinoma (not lung)
- p53
phases of Pagets disease
- osteolytic phase (osteoclasts dominate)
- mixed
- osteosclerotic phase (mosaic pattern of lamellar bone with prominent cement lines)
importance of personality disorders
has to be pervasive across a broad range of situations
cricothyrotomy goes through….
superficial cervical fascia and cricothyroid membrane (in between cricoid and thyroid cartilage)
activation of isoniazid before use
requires catalase peroxidation (mechanism for resistance)
- KatG bobcat in Sketchy
rash in measles vs rubella
measles = higher fever, cough, coryza, Koplik spots, conjunctivitis rubella = rash on the face, spreads caudally, three days, low grade fever, posterior auricular lymph nodes
rash with posterior auricular nodes
rubella (toga virus)
uniparental disomy is only important in…..
genomic imprinting disorders (Prader Willi and Anglemanns)
three ways to get down syndrome
- nondisjunction
- unbalanced translocations
- mosaicism
mechanism for zenker diverticulum
abnormal relaxation of the cricopharyngeal muscle during swallowing
- false diverticulum in posterior Killman triangle
cause of scarring and traction of esophagus
mediastinal lymphadenitis due to infections, resulting in true diverticula
nerve most likely damaged during herniation
CN III
four findings in transtentorial herniation
- CNIII damage
- ipsilateral posterior cerebral artery compression leading to contralateral homonymous hemianopia with macular sparing
- compression of contralateral cerebellum
- brainstem hemorrhages
lipid lowering agent that can increase triglycerides
cholestyramine
cancers associated with EBV
Burkitts lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma
most common cause of renal artery stenosis
obstuction with athersclerotic plaque
histology of crytococcus
narrow based budding yeast
zinc finger motif
commonly in DNA binding proteins
histology of molluscum vs herpes
molluscum = eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusions herpes = multinucleated cells with intranuclear inclusions
simple vs complex seizures
dependent on loss of consciousness
morning stiffness in OA and RA
OA = usually not present, goes away quickly RA = usually present
chronic lymphedema is a risk factor for…..
angiosarcoma (usually after breast cancer removal)
important to look for ______ cells in acute leukemia
blasts = need to be present to make the diagnosis
conduct disorder in adults
antisocial personality disorder
- disregard for rights of others, lack of remorse, crimilality
physiologic changes in beta blockers
increase in peripheral resistance and decreased cardiac output
cells with tight junctions forming blood-testis barrier
sertoli
secretion products of sertoli cells
- MIS (blocks paramesonephric ducts)
- androgen binding protein (maintains high testosterone)
- inhibin (mostly inhibits FSH)
eIF-4e
initiation factor only involved in initiation
- used to help assemble 40S subunit with initiator tRNA, released when 60S associates
order of sites on ribosome
APE
e = exit
steps in elongation of protein
- aminoacyl-tRNA binds to A site
- amino acid chain in P site is transferred to one in A site - formation of peptide bond
- tRNA moves to P site
adenosine in heart
when energy is low (high adenosine) it leads to vasodilation
- same action as NO
- very short acting, used for stress testing and stopping SVTs
erythema migrans
targetoid lesion in lyme disease
t tubles
extension of cell membrane that penetrate muscle fibers
how water is reabsorbed in PCT
through passive diffusion
cherry red skin
carbon monoxide poisoning
Budd Chiari
thrombosis of hepatic vein leading to liver congestion
LDH
marker for cell damage
test in hemolytic anemia after penicillin
direct coombs (look for autoantibodies against red cells)
cardiac index
measures how well the heart is working as a pump
Kupffer cell
hepatic macrophage
Ito (stellate cell)
stores vitamin A and is responsive to fibrotic factors
normal beta hCG levels in pregnancy
peaks at 9-12 weeks, should never go above 300,000
calculation for alveolar oxygen
150 - CO2/0.8
lipd A binds….
CD 14 on macrophages leading to septic shock
disease with increased basophils
CML
histiocyte
macrophage in the connective tissue
order of RBC synthesis in fetus
yolk sac - liver - spleen - BM
hemoglobin electrphoresis
for differentiating normal, sickle trait, sickle cell, newborn, Hb C and SC disease
treatment of lead poisoning
dimercaprol and EDTA
CLL mneumonic
crushed little lymphocytes
platelet factor 4
causes HIT
neprilysin
blocks ANP/BNP degredation
