3/23 Flashcards by Eric Swanson

effects that can’t be blocked by carbidopa

carbidopa only acts peripherally so it can’t block the anxiety and agitation side effects of L-dopa

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area of brain a pineal mass effects

midbrain

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high acetylcholinesterase in fetus

neural tube defects

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derivation of neurofibromas

nerve sheath neoplasms made of schwann cells from neural crest

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nimodipine

used for treating subarachnoid hemorrhage

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osmotic diuretics

used for treating high ICP

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lack of hypocretin (orexin)

narcolepsy

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opioid overdose pupils

constricted

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anitpsychotics and periods

block dopamine, increasing prolactin and causing amenorrhea

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hypomania

not as severe, more functioning with less sleep

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hyperplastic cell in low renal perfusions

JG cell in the afferent arteriole undergoes hyperplasia to produce renin

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airflow resistance in airways

highest = medium airways (turbulence)
lowest = terminal bronchioles
middle = trachea

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malignant hypertension histology

hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis (onion skinning)

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esophagus is close to what heart chamber

left atrium

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carotid body/sinus nerves

afferent = 9, efferent = 10 (only vagus for aortic body)

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nitrates vessels of action

primarily veins, but also arteries

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increasing murmur in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

decreasing preload (valsalva, standing up and NO)

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papillary muscle rupture in MI

right posterior descending

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leads in pacemakers

in coronary sinus (in AV groove)

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estrogen and T4 levels

estrogen increases binding protein, transient decrease in T4, ultimate total T4 increase

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subacute thyroiditis histology

mixed cellular infiltrate with multinucleated giant cells

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DDAVP in hemophilia

can raise factor 8 levels

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TTP protein

ADAMS13

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extramedullary hematopoiesis and tear drop cells

myeloproliferative disorders

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mutation in myeloproliferative disorders

JAK-STAT (except CML)

can't do bone marrow biopsy

hairy cell (with cytoplasmic projections)

TdT

ALL

myeloperoxidase marker

AML

Guillian Barre

ascending paralysis with endoneurial inflammatory infiltrate

muscle fiber types

type 1 = slow twitch | type 2 = fast twitch

ceiling of carpal tunnel

transverse carpal ligament

erythema multiforme

target lesions or inflammatory infiltrate (immune response after virus or infection)

what to monitor in ankylosing spondylitis

chest wall expansion

CREST

``` calcinosis Raynaud's esophageal dysmotility sclerodactyly telangiectasias (increase collagen deposition due to TGF-beta) ```

HSP organs

GI, kidneys, skin and joints

long standing RA complication causing paralysis

vertebral subluxation

lateral forearm innervation

musculocutaneous nerve

fibular neck fracture

knocks of common peroneal

gastric varicies

caused by splenic thrombosis (esophageal are caused by left gastric vein)

part of the stomach most affected by H pylori

antrum (body and fundus in pernicious anemia)

acalculous cholecysitits

gallbladder disease not caused by gallstones

ovarian and stomach pain

Krukenberg tumor (signet cells)

Fragile X vs XXY

X = strong male features XXY = weak male features - both are tall

clue cells

bacterial vaginosis

pelvic floor muscle

levator ani

most common cause of post partum bleeding

uterine atony (should respond to medication)

most common cause of male hypogonadism

Kleinfelters

gynecomastia with small testes

XXY

most common location for unilateral hydronephrosis in fetus

ureteropelvic junction (last place to canalize)

DIC in pregnancy

started by tissue factor (thromboplastin) from trophoblast

metabolic acidosis counter measures in kidney

glutamine is broken down to excrete more acid and reabsorb more bicarb

robertsonian translocation 14:21

Down syndrome

statins and LDL receptors

increase

order of base excision repair

- glycosylase cleaves base leaving AP - endonuclease cleaves 5' - lyase cleaves 3' - polymerase fills gap - ligase seals

first step of gluconeogenesis

pyruvate to oxaloacetate by pyruvate carboxylase (activated by acetyl CoA)

phospholipase C, PIP, IP3, DAG and protein kinase C

cAMP and protein kinase A

acanthosis nigricans

high FFAs, not LDL

types of tyrosine kinases

JAK-STAT is cytoplasmic, insulin receptor is intrinsic

uridine monophosphate synthase deficiency

can lead to orotic acid build up, not hyperammonia

microbial causes of esophagitis

candida, HSV and CMV

most common cause of viral meningitis

enterovirus

protein A vs IgA protease

protein A is only in staph

capsule in Hflu

made of polyribosylribitol phosphate (PRP)

chlamydia infection of newborwn

inclusion conjunctivitis

PYR test

same as bacitracin sensitivity

drug more likely to cause cholera infection

omeprazole (less acidic enviornment)

segmented viruses

rotoavirus, reo, bunya and arena

flu vaccine is directed against...

hemagluttinin

negative selection in thymus

if binding is too strong

types of receptors blocked by atropine

muscarinic, not nicotinic (so muscle weakness is unaffected)

carrier proteins

transmembrane channels that allow for fast diffusion but they get saturated

synergistic vs additive

additive is A + B = AB | synergistic is A + B = ABC

permissiveness

when an unrelated drug doesn't work but another one helps it work

amatoxins

from mushrooms, block RNA pol II (mRNA synthesis)

cyproheptadine

treatment for serotonin syndrome

blinding reduces _____ bias

observer

migratory thrombophelbitis

Trousseau syndrome (visceral cancer)