21. Minerals Flashcards
iron
how many grams are present in the body
3-4 grams
2/3 of iron in the body is in
Hgb
storage form of iron in the liver, spleen, bone marrow, intestinal mucosa, pancrease, myocardium
ferritin
partially denatured derivative of ferritin
hemosiderin
iron transport protein in plasma
transferrin
most common micronutrient deficiency worldwide
iron deficiency anemia
this parameter inc in iron deficiency anemia
inc total iron binding capacity
iron overload syndromewith progressive hemosiderosis
and resulting organ damage
hemochromatosis
hemochromatosis may lead to
- liver cirrhosis
- liver cancer
- DM
- cardiomyopathy
- hyperpigmentation of the skin
- endocrine disorders
- joint pain
- inc total plasma iron
- inc transferrin saturation
- serum ferritin
- dec total iron binding capacity
hemochromatosis
hemochromatosis tx
repeated phlebotomy
most abundant trace mineral in the body after iron
zinc
zinc body stores
1.5-2.5 g
zinc metalloenzymes include
- carbonic anhydrase
- cytoplasmic superoxide dismutase
- alcohol dehydrogenase
- carboxypeptidases A and B
- DNA and RNA polymerases
it serves as a structural role by stabilizing small loops in polypeptide
zinc finger proteins
dietary sources of zinc
meat
nuts
beans
wheat germ
copper
body stores
80-110 mg
major cofactor of enzymes that use oxygen or an oxygen derivative as one of their substrates
copper
deficiency of this leads to dermatitis, poor wound healing, hair loss , neuropsychiatric impairments, dec taste acuity,
in children -> poor growth, testicular atrophy
zinc deficiency
rare recessively inherited with dermatitis diarrhea alopecia due to impaired intestinal zinc absorption
acrodermatitis enterohepatica
tx of acrodermatitis enterohepatica
high doses of zinc
copper is a cofactor of these enzymes
cytochrome oxidase dopamine ß-hydroxylase monoamine oxidase tyrosinase ∆9 desaturase lysyl oxidase cytoplasmic superoxide dismutase
majority of copper is transported serum bound to
ceruloplasmin 60%
proteins/ aa where copper is bound during transport
ceruloplasmin
albumin
histidine
presents with microcytic hypochromc anemia leukopenia hemorrhagic vascular changes bone demineralization hypercholesterolemia neurological problems
copper deficiency
copper deficiency is see in
patients receiving TPN
infants fed copper deficient formulas
inheritance of menkes syndrome
X-linked
caused by deficiency of an ATP dependent membrane transporter for copper
impaired transfer of copper from intestinal mucosal cells to blood
intracellular transport also abnormal
menkes syndrome
presents with growth retardaton mental deficiency seizures arterial aneurysms bone demineralization brittle hair
menkes syndrome
hepatolenticular degeneration
wilson disease
hepatolenticular degeneration
biliary excretio of copper is blocked
wilson disease
copper accumlation in liver and brain resulting in liver damage neurological deterioration or both
•kayser fleisher rings
Wilson disease
wilson disease
tx
D-penicillmine - forms soluble excretable copper complex
low levels of 3-methylhistidine in urine
wilson disease
manganese madness
excessive manganese can cause
psychosis
parkinsonism
this mineral occurs in a few oxidase enzymes including xanthine oxidase
molbdenum
this mineral occurs in 20 human proteins, including gluthathione peroxidase
selenium / selenocysteine form
low selenium content causing cardiomyopathy
endemic in China
Keshan disease
