12. Harold Chiu Flashcards by iya gerzon

amino acids responsible for the umami taste

glutamate

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what is the expected finding in ptx with defect in FA oxidation

hypoglycemia

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basic structure of phospholipids

sphingosine

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essential fatty acids

alpha-linolenic acid (an omega-3 fatty acid)

* linoleic acid (an omega-6 fatty acid).

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essential amino acids

H- histidine, 
I- isoleucine, 
L- leucine, 
K- lysine, 
M- methionine, 
F-phenylalanine, 
T- threonine, 
W- tryptophan, and 
V- valine.

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which digestive enzyme is activated by hydrogen ions

gastrin

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this digestive enzyme has the capacity to catalyse and activate other co-enzyumes

trypsin

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a ptx with documented tetrahydrobioterin deficiency will need this amino acid supplied in diety

tyrosine

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the only ketogenic AA

K, L

lysine, leucine

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a patient with maple syrup urine disease was given this vitamin with marked improvement of symptoms

thiamine

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% of total glucose production occurs in the kidney during fasting

40%

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Ig that can cross the placenta

IgG

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which substrate CANNOT cross the placental barrer

palmitate

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FASTING ≈ hormone sensitive lipase

phosphorylated ≈ active state

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the bile acids are amphipathic with orientation of :
•OH -
•methyl -

OH -alpha

* methyl - beta

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the main metabolic pathway of glucose

Embden- Meyerhof-Parnas pathway

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African descent patient
given TMP-SMX for UTI
developed pallor and jaundice

•inheritance of his condition

G6PD deficiency is

X-linked recessive

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in a patient with steatorrhea, TAG were noted during stool examination

deficiency in pancreatic lipase

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which among the following needs glucuronic acid for excretion

a. bile acids
b. steroids
c. morphine
d. AOTA

a. AOTA

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in which organ are you most likely to find sulfatides

kidney

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7 days starvation

* brain’s most likely energy source

ketone bodies

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maple syrup urine disease

* which substrates cannot be metabolized by this patient

isoleucine
valine
leucine

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the bond between glucose and fructose in sucrose

ether bond

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alpha helix structure and beta pleated sheets in secondary structure of proteins is mainly stabilized by

hydrogen bonds

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which apolipopritein deficiency will have similar manifestations to lipoproten lipase deficiency

apo C-II

amino acid derivative of nitric oxide

arginine

amino acid derivative of melanin

tyrosine

amino acid derivative of melatonin

tryptophan W ≈ pigment

amino acid require for synthesis of creatine

RGM | arginine, glycine, methionine

* 3 year old ptx has neurocognitive delay * mousy odor in diapers * it requires this amino acid supplementation

tyrosine

in the equation pyruvate + glutamate α keto-glutarate + alanine which co-factor is essential

pyridoxine

* marathon runner | * main source of ATP in the middle of the race

oxidative phosphorylation

products of glycogenolysis : glucose-1-phosphate __ glucose

glucose-1-phosphate > glucose

essential co-factor rewuired for rate-limitingstep in FA synthesis

biotin

imediate precursor of | C20:4(5,8,11,14)

linoleic acid

urea cycle occurs in the

cytosol and mitochondria

in tetrahydrobiopterin deficiency, these synthetic pathways are affected , except a. phenylalanine –> tyrosine b. tryptophan –> serotonin c. tyrosine –> L-dopa d. arginine –> NO e. none

e. none

net ATP synthesis from 1 molecule of glucose to lactate

2 ATP

these pathways occur both in cytosol and mitochondria

urea cycle heme synthesis gluconeogenesis UGH

all of the ff are derived from glycine except: a. creatine b. gluthathione c. porphyrin d. uric acid e. cytosine

e. cytosine glycine≈ CPUG

C-2 epimer of glucose

mannose

isozyme of glucokinase

hexokinase

primary bile acids

chenodeoxycholic acid | cholic acid

essential FA is precursor to arachidonic acid

18:2 (9,12) linoleic acid

a diet rich in corn can create a deficiency of this amino acid

tryptophan

Coole’s anemia | which hemoglobin gene is defective

beta-globin gene

* 50 yr old * alcoholic * chronic diarrhea * memory impairment * multiple erythematous papules * plaques in the intertriginous area •what co-factor is deficient

niacin

insulin acts through which receptor system

tyrosine kinase

* 27 year old * progressive difficulty of breathing * Fx: same presentation- 2 brothers, 30 and 33 yr old •Dx?

alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency

hydrogen sulfide gas acts on which part of ETC?

Complex IV

in cell death, which phospholipid translocates to the outer leaflet of the cell membrane

phosphatidylserine

what enzyme is involved rate-limiting synthesis of FA

hydroxymethylglutarate coa reductase

these pair of chemicals are conjugated to bile acids forming bile salts

glycine and taurine

* transketolases | * co-factor

thiamine

* patient presents with * gum bleeding * skin petechiae * lack of ascorbic acid * which enzyme is impaired

lysyl hydroxylase

Cori cycle: which precursor travels out of myocytes to be converted back to glucose

lactate

basic amino acids

* arginine * lysine * histidine

the two configurations of the OH group attacjed to the first carbon in the cyclic form of glucose are known as

anomers

cerotic acid , 16 carbon containig fatty acids is primarily broken in which organelle

peroxisomes

* 9 yr old * pallor and easy fatigability * goat’s milk * CBC: hypersegmented neutrophils * which vitamin is this child lacking?

folic acid

* 65 yr old male * pallor, weakness, easy fatigability * CBC: microcytic hypochromic anemia * co-factor that is deficient?

c. pyridoxine

effect of atorvastatin on Vmax

decreased

a patient with type 1 DM on insulin can be distinguished from a patient on sulfonylureas using this measurement

C-peptide

Diabetic retinopathy, cataracts and peripheral neuropathy , what compound accumulates exhibiting osmotic effects

sorbitol

which amino acid corresponds to the start codon AUG in humans

methionine

mutation in sickle cell anemia (glutamate –> valine ) type of mutation?

missense mutation

mutation in sickle cell anemia (glutamate –> valine ) | what was the exact base pair mutation leading to sickle cell anemia

A–> T transversion, beta globin gene

which base is NOT seen in DNA?

uracil

rate limiting enzyme in de novo pyramidine synthesis is

carbamoyl phosphate synthase II

carbamoyl phosphate synthase II allosteric activator?

N-acetylglutamate

which mRNA codon signals the end of protein synthesis in the ribosomal complex

UAG

the end product of pyrimidine metabolism

ß-alanine

the difference in size of Apo B48 in chylomicrons and ApoB100 in LDL is due to

RNA editing

in DNA chromosomal packing, the linker histone eprtains to which component

what is the most common form of DNA found in nature, | also the form used by watson and crick in 1952

B form

the most heterogenous form of RNA

mRNA

in the t-RNA,where is the CCA portion, which attaches to the amino acid found

3’ end

azithryomycin | MOA

prevents translocation of the mRNA - rRNA complex

doxycycline MOA prophylaxis to leptospirosin

binds to 30S and | prevents binding ot tRNA to the A site

methotrexate binds to this enzyme

dihydrofolate reductase

methotrexate effects on synthesis of nucleotides

dec synthesis of purines, thymine and folic acid

Cell epithelium on microscopy showed formation of a cleavage furrow what stage of mitosis

telophase

ACE synthesis take place in the

lung

effects of angiotensin II on adrenal cortex

inc aldosterone

* a technique used for protein molecules separated by electrophoresis and blotted to a membrane * probe which is a labelled antibody •this is known as

western blotting

* a ptx was given thiazide diureic * developed pallor and jaundice * expected findings that supports diagnosis

inc levels of unconjugated bilirubin

•inc in PTH levels seen in hyperparathyroidism | ≈ effect on calcium and phosphate

inc calcium | dec phosphate

Oxygen binding curve to Hgb can be described as

sigmoid cooperative

Oxygen binding curve to Myoglobin can be described as

hyperbolic

in synthesis of thyroid hormone, which rxn will form T4

DIT + DIT

which transport process in the cell requires energy expenditure from previous established gradient using ATP

secondary active transport