12. Harold Chiu Flashcards
amino acids responsible for the umami taste
glutamate
what is the expected finding in ptx with defect in FA oxidation
hypoglycemia
basic structure of phospholipids
sphingosine
essential fatty acids
- alpha-linolenic acid (an omega-3 fatty acid)
* linoleic acid (an omega-6 fatty acid).
essential amino acids
9
H- histidine, I- isoleucine, L- leucine, K- lysine, M- methionine, F-phenylalanine, T- threonine, W- tryptophan, and V- valine.
which digestive enzyme is activated by hydrogen ions
gastrin
this digestive enzyme has the capacity to catalyse and activate other co-enzyumes
trypsin
a ptx with documented tetrahydrobioterin deficiency will need this amino acid supplied in diety
tyrosine
the only ketogenic AA
K, L
lysine, leucine
a patient with maple syrup urine disease was given this vitamin with marked improvement of symptoms
thiamine
% of total glucose production occurs in the kidney during fasting
40%
Ig that can cross the placenta
IgG
which substrate CANNOT cross the placental barrer
palmitate
FASTING ≈ hormone sensitive lipase
phosphorylated ≈ active state
the bile acids are amphipathic with orientation of :
•OH -
•methyl -
- OH -alpha
* methyl - beta
the main metabolic pathway of glucose
Embden- Meyerhof-Parnas pathway
- African descent patient
- given TMP-SMX for UTI
- developed pallor and jaundice
•inheritance of his condition
G6PD deficiency is
X-linked recessive
in a patient with steatorrhea, TAG were noted during stool examination
deficiency in pancreatic lipase
which among the following needs glucuronic acid for excretion
a. bile acids
b. steroids
c. morphine
d. AOTA
a. AOTA
in which organ are you most likely to find sulfatides
kidney
- 7 days starvation
* brain’s most likely energy source
ketone bodies
- maple syrup urine disease
* which substrates cannot be metabolized by this patient
isoleucine
valine
leucine
the bond between glucose and fructose in sucrose
ether bond
alpha helix structure and beta pleated sheets in secondary structure of proteins is mainly stabilized by
hydrogen bonds
which apolipopritein deficiency will have similar manifestations to lipoproten lipase deficiency
apo C-II
amino acid derivative of nitric oxide
arginine
amino acid derivative of melanin
tyrosine
amino acid derivative of melatonin
tryptophan
W ≈ pigment
amino acid require for synthesis of creatine
RGM
arginine, glycine, methionine
- 3 year old ptx has neurocognitive delay
- mousy odor in diapers
- it requires this amino acid supplementation
tyrosine
in the equation
pyruvate + glutamate α keto-glutarate + alanine
which co-factor is essential
pyridoxine
- marathon runner
* main source of ATP in the middle of the race
oxidative phosphorylation
products of glycogenolysis :
glucose-1-phosphate __ glucose
glucose-1-phosphate > glucose
essential co-factor rewuired for rate-limitingstep in FA synthesis
biotin
imediate precursor of
C20:4(5,8,11,14)
linoleic acid
urea cycle occurs in the
cytosol and mitochondria
in tetrahydrobiopterin deficiency, these synthetic pathways are affected , except
a. phenylalanine –> tyrosine
b. tryptophan –> serotonin
c. tyrosine –> L-dopa
d. arginine –> NO
e. none
e. none
net ATP synthesis from 1 molecule of glucose to lactate
2 ATP
these pathways occur both in cytosol and mitochondria
urea cycle
heme synthesis
gluconeogenesis
UGH
all of the ff are derived from glycine except:
a. creatine
b. gluthathione
c. porphyrin
d. uric acid
e. cytosine
e. cytosine
glycine≈ CPUG
C-2 epimer of glucose
mannose
isozyme of glucokinase
hexokinase
primary bile acids
chenodeoxycholic acid
cholic acid
essential FA is precursor to arachidonic acid
18:2 (9,12)
linoleic acid
a diet rich in corn can create a deficiency of this amino acid
tryptophan
Coole’s anemia
which hemoglobin gene is defective
beta-globin gene
- 50 yr old
- alcoholic
- chronic diarrhea
- memory impairment
- multiple erythematous papules
- plaques in the intertriginous area
•what co-factor is deficient
niacin
insulin acts through which receptor system
tyrosine kinase
- 27 year old
- progressive difficulty of breathing
- Fx: same presentation- 2 brothers, 30 and 33 yr old
•Dx?
alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
hydrogen sulfide gas acts on which part of ETC?
Complex IV
in cell death, which phospholipid translocates to the outer leaflet of the cell membrane
phosphatidylserine
what enzyme is involved rate-limiting synthesis of FA
hydroxymethylglutarate coa reductase
these pair of chemicals are conjugated to bile acids forming bile salts
glycine and taurine
- transketolases
* co-factor
thiamine
- patient presents with
- gum bleeding
- skin petechiae
- lack of ascorbic acid
- which enzyme is impaired
lysyl hydroxylase
Cori cycle: which precursor travels out of myocytes to be converted back to glucose
lactate
basic amino acids
- arginine
- lysine
- histidine
the two configurations of the OH group attacjed to the first carbon in the cyclic form of glucose are known as
anomers
cerotic acid , 16 carbon containig fatty acids is primarily broken in which organelle
peroxisomes
- 9 yr old
- pallor and easy fatigability
- goat’s milk
- CBC: hypersegmented neutrophils
- which vitamin is this child lacking?
folic acid
- 65 yr old male
- pallor, weakness, easy fatigability
- CBC: microcytic hypochromic anemia
- co-factor that is deficient?
c. pyridoxine
effect of atorvastatin on Vmax
decreased
a patient with type 1 DM on insulin can be distinguished from a patient on sulfonylureas using this measurement
C-peptide
Diabetic retinopathy, cataracts and peripheral neuropathy , what compound accumulates exhibiting osmotic effects
sorbitol
which amino acid corresponds to the start codon AUG in humans
methionine
mutation in sickle cell anemia (glutamate –> valine )
type of mutation?
missense mutation
mutation in sickle cell anemia (glutamate –> valine )
what was the exact base pair mutation leading to sickle cell anemia
A–> T transversion, beta globin gene
which base is NOT seen in DNA?
uracil
rate limiting enzyme in de novo pyramidine synthesis is
carbamoyl phosphate synthase II
carbamoyl phosphate synthase II
allosteric activator?
N-acetylglutamate
which mRNA codon signals the end of protein synthesis in the ribosomal complex
UAG
the end product of pyrimidine metabolism
ß-alanine
the difference in size of Apo B48 in chylomicrons and ApoB100 in LDL is due to
RNA editing
in DNA chromosomal packing, the linker histone eprtains to which component
H1
what is the most common form of DNA found in nature,
also the form used by watson and crick in 1952
B form
the most heterogenous form of RNA
mRNA
in the t-RNA,where is the CCA portion, which attaches to the amino acid found
3’ end
azithryomycin
MOA
prevents translocation of the mRNA - rRNA complex
doxycycline MOA
prophylaxis to leptospirosin
binds to 30S and
prevents binding ot tRNA to the A site
methotrexate binds to this enzyme
dihydrofolate reductase
methotrexate effects on synthesis of nucleotides
dec synthesis of purines, thymine and folic acid
Cell epithelium on microscopy showed formation of a cleavage furrow
what stage of mitosis
telophase
ACE synthesis take place in the
lung
effects of angiotensin II on adrenal cortex
inc aldosterone
- a technique used for protein molecules separated by electrophoresis and blotted to a membrane
- probe which is a labelled antibody
•this is known as
western blotting
- a ptx was given thiazide diureic
- developed pallor and jaundice
- expected findings that supports diagnosis
inc levels of unconjugated bilirubin
•inc in PTH levels seen in hyperparathyroidism
≈ effect on calcium and phosphate
inc calcium
dec phosphate
Oxygen binding curve to Hgb can be described as
sigmoid
cooperative
Oxygen binding curve to Myoglobin can be described as
hyperbolic
in synthesis of thyroid hormone, which rxn will form T4
DIT + DIT
which transport process in the cell requires energy expenditure from previous established gradient using ATP
secondary active transport
