WEEK 3 END OF WEEK FORMATIVE Flashcards
In the Figo staging system for Cervical Cancer which of the following represents Stage 4? OPTIONS:
- A - Carcinoma size <4 cm
- B - Carcinoma involves upper 1/3 vagina
- C - Carcinoma involves lower 1/3 vagina
- D - Carcinoma involves pelvic side wall
- E - Carcinoma has spread to distant organs
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Which statement regarding vulval squamous cell carcinoma associated with usual type VIN is incorrect? A - Occurs predominantly in women <60 years B - High incidence of associated CIN C - Strong association with HPV types 6 and 11 D - May metastasize to groin nodes E - Often presents with a raised rolled edge and central ulceration
Usual type VIN (variable VIN) - occurs in younger woman below 60 Often, but not always, HPV related. Often synchronous cervical and vaginal neoplasia (CIN & VaIN). May metastasise to groin nodes C - Stroon association with HPV types 6and11 - false
What type of VIN has a higher risk of invasive malignancy and typically in older women?
This is differntiated VIN
What information is not required when submitting an endometrial biopsy for examination? OPTIONS: A - Age B - Date of last menstrual period C - Pattern of bleeding D - Number of pregnancies E - Hormonal therapy
D - Number of pregnancies Endometrium should return to normal after pregnancy and therefore this information is not required Endometrium can change with the other options
Which cancer listed below would have the greatest percentage reduction if it was possible to remove the effect of obesity? OPTIONS: A - Bowel B - Breast C - Kidney D - Oesophagus E - Ovarian
D - Oesophagus - Greatest percentage reduction if effect of obesity were removed
What is the age range of cervical cancer screening?
25-64 years of age
Which of the following is one of the main arteries to the anterior abdominal wall? OPTIONS: A - Femoral B - Inferior epigastric C - Intercostals D - Internal thoracic E - Superior Mesenteric
INferior epigastric is one of the main arteries to the anterior abdominal wall
Skin near the midline is supplied by the branches of the superior (arises from the internal thoracic (mammary) artery) and inferior epigastric arteries (this arises from the external iliac artery)
When undertaking a suprapubic incision, which of the following layers/structures will be incised? OPTIONS: A - Both the anterior and posterior rectus sheath B - The anterior rectus sheath C - The external oblique muscle D - The posterior rectus sheath E - The transversus abdominis muscle
B - The anterior rectus sheath
A key respiratory change that occurs during pregnancy is: OPTIONS: A - Decreased minute volume B - Increased PCO2 C - Decreased tidal volume D - Decreased functional residual capacity E - Increased residual volume
There is an increased tidal volume and minute vvolume of the mother with an accompanying increase in respiratory rate to increse the ‘blowing off’ of CO2 - therefore also a decrease in PCO2 PO2 and and vital capacity do not change D - Decreased functional residual capacity
What is the fucntional residual capacity?
This is the amount of air left in the lungs after a passive tidal expiration and therefore if tidal volume increases in pregnancy, this FRC volume must decrease
Identify one physiological change in cardiovascular function that occurs during pregnancy OPTIONS: A - Increased peripheral resistance B - Reduced vascular volume C - Reduced cardiac output D - Reduced heart rate E - Increased contractility
The blood pressure drops during pregnancy due to uteroplacental circulation expands & peripheral resistance decreases The cardiac output increases by 30-50% and the heart rate increases to accompany this - therefore increased contractility E - Increased contractility
Which of the following is not a cause for ” Large For Dates” OPTIONS: A - Polyhydramnios B - Multiple Pregnancy C - Placenta Praevia D - Fibroid Uterus E - Fetal Macrosomia
Polyhdramnios, multiple pregnancy, foetal macrosomia and diabetes all increase the foetal size Fibroid uterus could cause an unexpected large for dates pregnancy C - Placenta praevia - can cause slow fetal growth due to insufficient blood supply.
Which is the correct method of assessing fetal growth OPTIONS: A Height of fundus B Symphyseal fundal height in cm C Fundal-pubal height in cm D Finger breaths above umbilicus E Centimetres below xyphisternum
B - symphyseal fundal height in cm
Structure that forms the fornix of the vagina in females OPTIONS:
- A Mesonephric duct
- B Mesonephric tubule
- C Paramesonephric duct
- D Sinovaginal bulb
- E Urogenital sinus
C - Paramesonephric duct (this is the Mullerian duct - forms the uterine tubes, fallopian tubes and superior vagina)
At the inferior end of the paramesonephric ducts are the urogenital sinus. What will the pelvic part of this go onto become to form the inferior two thirds of the vagina?
It will become the sinovaginal bulbs which will become the inferior two thirds of the vagina
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C - constitutionally small
