Week 1 ITS Flashcards
What is a hydatiform mole?
pre-malignant tumour of trophoblastic villi- no fetus, but a collection of fluid filled sacs
What are the disadvantages of conservative miscarriage mx?
may take a long tiem before full miscarriage, may be severe pain/heavy bleeding, smallrisk of infection
How long should you wait before trying to conceive after a miscarriage?
at least one period
Is the risk of infertility or further miscarriages increased after one miscarriage?
No increased risk of either
What region of the Y chromosome causes testicular development?
sex-determining region
What are the obstructive causes of male infertility?
vasectomy; infection; congenital absenceo f vas deferens
What condiiton is associated with congenital absence of vas deferens?
CF
What are the non-obstructive causes of male infertility?
undescended testis; orchitis (mumps); torsion/truame; chormosomal; hormonal
What are the hormonal causes of male infertility?
hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism; hypothyroidism; hyperprolactinaemia; testicular cancer
Why does hyperprolactinaemia cause infertility?
inhibits GnRH
What part of the urethra is the bulbourethral gland adjacent to?
membanous urethra
What is the main difference between the greater vestibular gland and bulbourethral gland?
greater vestibular gland is found in the superficial perineal pouch in females whereas the bulbourethral gland is foudn in the deep perineal pouch in the male
Waht is the normal prepubertal size of the testis?
1-3ml
What si the normal pubertal sizes of the testis?
4ml+
What are the normal adult size of the testis?
12-25ml
What are the pregnnacy risks assocaited with IVF?
increased risk of preterm delivery; growth retardation and C/S
What is the pronuclear stage?
wtihin a few hours of fertilisation the male and female pronuclei can be seen
When is the 4 cell stage after fertilisation?
36-60 hours
When is the blastocyst stage after fertilisation?
5-6 days
When is the morula stage after fertilisation?
72-96 hours
When does menstruation normally start?
11-15 years
How is primary amenorrhea defined?
no menstruation by age 14 if no secondary sexual characteristics or 16 if do
How long before onset of menstruation do secondary sexual characteristics start to develop?
2 years
Which patients are suitable for treatment of tubal pregnancy by methotrexate?
minimal symptoms; clinically stable with confirmed diangosis of ectopic on scan adn HCG
