Week 1 ITS

Question 1

What is a hydatiform mole?

Answer 1

pre-malignant tumour of trophoblastic villi- no fetus, but a collection of fluid filled sacs

Question 2

What are the disadvantages of conservative miscarriage mx?

Answer 2

may take a long tiem before full miscarriage, may be severe pain/heavy bleeding, smallrisk of infection

Question 3

How long should you wait before trying to conceive after a miscarriage?

Answer 3

at least one period

Question 4

Is the risk of infertility or further miscarriages increased after one miscarriage?

Answer 4

No increased risk of either

Question 5

What region of the Y chromosome causes testicular development?

Answer 5

sex-determining region

Question 6

What are the obstructive causes of male infertility?

Answer 6

vasectomy; infection; congenital absenceo f vas deferens

Question 7

What condiiton is associated with congenital absence of vas deferens?

Answer 7

CF

Question 8

What are the non-obstructive causes of male infertility?

Answer 8

undescended testis; orchitis (mumps); torsion/truame; chormosomal; hormonal

Question 9

What are the hormonal causes of male infertility?

Answer 9

hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism; hypothyroidism; hyperprolactinaemia; testicular cancer

Question 10

Why does hyperprolactinaemia cause infertility?

Answer 10

inhibits GnRH

Question 11

What part of the urethra is the bulbourethral gland adjacent to?

Answer 11

membanous urethra

Question 12

What is the main difference between the greater vestibular gland and bulbourethral gland?

Answer 12

greater vestibular gland is found in the superficial perineal pouch in females whereas the bulbourethral gland is foudn in the deep perineal pouch in the male

Question 13

Waht is the normal prepubertal size of the testis?

Answer 13

1-3ml

Question 14

What si the normal pubertal sizes of the testis?

Answer 14

4ml+

Question 15

What are the normal adult size of the testis?

Answer 15

12-25ml

Question 16

What are the pregnnacy risks assocaited with IVF?

Answer 16

increased risk of preterm delivery; growth retardation and C/S

Question 17

What is the pronuclear stage?

Answer 17

wtihin a few hours of fertilisation the male and female pronuclei can be seen

Question 18

When is the 4 cell stage after fertilisation?

Answer 18

36-60 hours

Question 19

When is the blastocyst stage after fertilisation?

Answer 19

5-6 days

Question 20

When is the morula stage after fertilisation?

Answer 20

72-96 hours

Question 21

When does menstruation normally start?

Answer 21

11-15 years

Question 22

How is primary amenorrhea defined?

Answer 22

no menstruation by age 14 if no secondary sexual characteristics or 16 if do

Question 23

How long before onset of menstruation do secondary sexual characteristics start to develop?

Answer 23

2 years

Question 24

Which patients are suitable for treatment of tubal pregnancy by methotrexate?

Answer 24

minimal symptoms; clinically stable with confirmed diangosis of ectopic on scan adn HCG