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Reproduction > Uterine Pathology > Flashcards

Uterine Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the phases of the uterine cycle?

A

menstrual phase; prolfierative phase; secretory phase

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2
Q

When is the proliferative phase?

A

days 1-14

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3
Q

When is the secretory phase?

A

days 16-28

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4
Q

When is the menstrual phase?

A

days 1-3

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5
Q

What is the main hormone in the proliferative phase?

A

oestrogen

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6
Q

What is the main hormone in the secretory phase?

A

progesterone

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7
Q

What is decidualisation?

A

changes that happen to endometrial cells to prepare for pregnancy

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8
Q

What hormone is involved in decidualisation?

A

hCG

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9
Q

What is ppost-menopausal bleeding?

A

abnormal uterine bleeding >1 year after cessation of menstruation

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10
Q

What are the causes of abnormal uterine bleeding in early repro life?

A

DUB usually due to anovulatory cycles; pregnnacy/miscarriage; endometritis; bleeding disorders

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11
Q

What are the causes of AUB in reproductive life/perimenopause?

A

pregnancy/miscarriage;DUB-anovulatory cycles; luteal phase defects; endometritis; polyps; leiomyom; adenomyosis; exogenous hormone effects; hyperplasia

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12
Q

What are the causes of AUB post-menopause?

A

atrophy; endometrial polyp; exogenous hormones (HRT; tomaxifen); endometritis; bleeding disorders’ endometrial carcinoma

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13
Q

What is the indication for endometrial biopsy in postmenopausal women?

A

endometrial thickenss >4mm

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14
Q

What is the indication for endometrial biopsy in premenopausal women?

A

16mm

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15
Q

What are the methods of sampling the endometrium?

A

endometrial pipelle; dilatation and curretage

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16
Q

When is the least informative time for endometrial biopsy?

A

menstrual phase

17
Q

What is dysfunctional uterine bleeding?

A

irregular uterine bleeding that reflects a disruption in the normal cyclic pattern of ovulatory hormonal stimulation to the endometrial lining- no organic cause

18
Q

What is luteal phase deficiency?

A

insufficent progesterone or poor response by endometrium to progesterone. abnormal follicular development (inadeuqate FHS/LH)- poor corpus luteum

19
Q

What is the most common cause of DUB?

A

anovulatory cycles

20
Q

What happens in anovulatory cycles?

A

corpus luteum does not form; continued growth of functionalis layer

21
Q

What are the endometrial causes of AUB?

A

endometritis; polyp; miscarriage

22
Q

What are the myometrial causes of AUB??

A

adenomyosis; leiomyoma

23
Q

What is the appearnace of endometritis histolofically?

A

abnormal pattern of inflammatory cells

24
Q

What are the common microbes implicated in endometritis?

A

neisseria; chlamydia; TB; CMV; actinomyces; HSV

25
Q

What ar ethe causes of endometritis without specific organisms?

A

intrauterine contraceptive device; postpartum; postabortal; postcurretage; chronic endometritis; granulomatous; polyps or leiomyoma

26
Q

What is chronic plasmacytic endometritis?

A

infectious unless proved otherwise; associated iwth PID

27
Q

When do endometrial polyps tend to occur?

A

around and after the menopause

28
Q

What ar ethe symtpoms of endometrial polyps?

A

asymotomatic but may present with bleding or discharge

29
Q

What is the risk with endometrial polyps?

A

endometrial carcinoma can present as a polyp, almost always benign though

30
Q

What is molar pregnancy?

A

abnormal form of pregnancy in which a non-viable fertilised egg implants in the uterus or tubes

31
Q

What is molar pregnancy a form of?

A

gestational trophoblastic disease

32
Q

What is a complete mole caused by?

A

1 or 2 sperm combining wit han egg which has lost its DNA, only paternal DNA

33
Q

What is a partial mole?

A

egg is fertilised by 1 or 2 sperm which reduplicates itself yielding 69 XXY (triploid)

34
Q

What is the risk of choriocarcinoma with complete and partial moles?

A

complete hydatiform moles have higher risk

35
Q

What is adenomyosis?

A

endometrial glands and stroma within the myometrium

36
Q

How does adenomyosis present?

A

menorrhagia/dysmenorrhea

37
Q

What are the symptoms with leiomyoma?

A

menorrhagia; infertility, mass effect; pain

38
Q

What does growth of leiomyoma depend on?

A

oestogen

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