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Reproduction > Uterine Cancer > Flashcards

Uterine Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

When do endometrial polyps tend to occur?

A

around or after the menopause

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2
Q

What are the type of endometrial hyperplasia?

A

simple; complex and atypical

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3
Q

What is the cause of endometrial hyperplasia?

A

often unkown; may be persistent oestrogen stimulation

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4
Q

How does endometrial hyperplasia present?

A

abnormal bleeding- DUB or PMB

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5
Q

What is the difference between the distribution of simple and complex/atypical?

A

simple has a general distrubtion whilst complex and atypical hyperplasia both display a focal

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6
Q

What is simple endometrial hyperplasia formed of?

A

glands and stroma

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7
Q

What tissues make up complex and atypical hyperplasia?

A

glands

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8
Q

What is seen with the glands in simple endometrial hyperplasia?

A

dilated not crowded

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9
Q

What is seen wtih the glands in complex and atypical hyperplasia?

A

crowded

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10
Q

What is the cytology assocted with simple and complex endometrial hyperplasia?

A

normal

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11
Q

what is the cytology seen with stypical endometrial hyperplasia?

A

atypical

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12
Q

When is the peak incidence of endometrial carcinoma?

A

50-60 yeas

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13
Q

What should be considered in women <40 who have endometrial carcinoma?

A

PCOS or Lynch syndrome which predispose

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14
Q

What are the 2 main groups of endometrial carcinoma?

A

endometrioid and serous carcinoma

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15
Q

What is the precursor for endometrioid carcinoma?

A

atypical hyperplasia

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16
Q

what is the precurose lesion for serous carcinoma?

A

serous intraepithelial carcinoma

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17
Q

What is seen macroscopically with endometrial carcinom?

A

large uterus; polypoid

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18
Q

What is the most common type of endometrial carcinoma?

A

most are adencarcinomas

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19
Q

What is the direct spread of endometrial carcinoma?

A

myometrium and cervix

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20
Q

What are type 1 tumours?

A

endometrioid and mucinous carcinomas

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21
Q

What are type 1 tumours related to?

A

unopposed oestrogen

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22
Q

What are type 2 endometrial tumours?

A

serous and clear cells

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23
Q

Who gets type 1 endometrial carcinoma?

A

elderyl post-menopausal women

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24
Q

What gene is often mutated with type 2 endoemtrail tumours?

A

TP53

25
Q

What mutations are associated with type 1 endometrial cancers?

A

PTEN; KRAS; PIK3CA

26
Q

What are the reasons that obesity is a risk factor for endometrial cancer?

A

adipocytes express aromatase that converts androgens into oestrogens- endometrial proliferation; sex-hormone bidnign globulin levels are lower increasing free hromone; IGF exerts proliferative effect on endometrium

27
Q

What other name is Lynch syndrome known as?

A

hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer

28
Q

What cancers are pts with Lynch syndrome most at risk of?

A

colorectal; endometrial and ovarina

29
Q

What is the inheritance of Lynch syndrome?

A

autosomal dominant

30
Q

What causes Lynch yrome?

A

defective DNA mismatch repair gene

31
Q

What is seen wtih Lynch syndrome tumours?

A

microsatellite instability

32
Q

What is microsatellite instability characteristic of?

A

defective mismatch repair

33
Q

How do type 2 endometrial carcinomas spread?

A

fallopian tube mucosa and peritoneal surfaces

34
Q

What is the difference in aggression between type 1 adn type 2 endometrial cancers?

A

type 2 are more aggresssive

35
Q

What is serous carcinoma characterised by histologically?

A

complex papillary and/or glandular architecture with diffuse, marked nuclear pleomorphism

36
Q

Why does endometrioid carcinoma have a good prognosis?

A

usually confined to uterus at presentation

37
Q

How are endometrioid cacrinomas graded primarily?

A

architecture

38
Q

What is grade 1 endometrial carcinoma?

A

5% or less solid growth

39
Q

What is grade 2 endometrioid carcinoma?

A

6-50% solid grwoth

40
Q

What is rade3 endometriorid carcinoma?

A

> 50% solid growth

41
Q

What is a stage 1A of endometrial cancer?

A

no or <50% myometrial invasion

42
Q

What is stage 1B of endometrial cancer?

A

invasion equal to or >50% of myometrium

43
Q

What is stage 2 of endometrial cacner?

A

invade cervical stroma

44
Q

What is stage 3A of endometrial carcinoma?

A

tumour invades serosa of uterus and or adnexae

45
Q

What is stage 3B endometrial cancer?

A

vaginal and/or parametrial involvemtn

46
Q

Waht is stage 3C of endometrial cancer?

A

mets to pelvic and/or lumbar lymph nodes

47
Q

What is stage 4 of endometrial cancer?

A

invades bladder and or bowel mucosa (A) or distant mets (B)

48
Q

What is an endometrial stromal sarcoma?

A

tumour arising from andoetrial stroma

49
Q

What is a carcinosarcoma of the endometrium?

A

mixed tumour with malignant epithelail and stromal elemnts

50
Q

What is the most common met sites for endometrial stromal sarcoma?

A

ovary or lung

51
Q

What is the most important prognostic factor for endometrial stromal sarcoma?

A

stage

52
Q

What is a carcinosarcoma?

A

carcinoma with sarcomatous elements

53
Q

The presence of what type of sarcomatous elements have the worst prognosis?

A

rhabdomyosarcomatous

54
Q

What staging system does carcinosarcom share?

A

endometrial cancers

55
Q

What are leiomyomas more well known as?

A

fibroids

56
Q

What are fibroids associated with?

A

menorrhagia and infertility

57
Q

What is leiomyosarcoma?

A

a malignant smooth muscle tumour commonly displaying a spindel cell morphology

58
Q

What is the most common uterine sarcoma?

A

leiomyosarcoma

59
Q

What staging system does leiomyosarcoma share?

A

endometrial stromal sarcoma

Reproduction (52 decks)

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