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Human Systems and Anatomy > Voluntary Movement > Flashcards

Voluntary Movement Flashcards

1
Q

what are the three types of movement

A

involuntary actions
semi automatic actions
voluntary actions

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2
Q

what are semi automatic actions

A

these are actions that are voluntary and we could adapt but we usually dont even think about them, like walking, chewing and breathing.
they are usually repeated movement sequences and appear stereotyped but could change them if we wanted to

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3
Q

what drives semi automatic actions

A

central pattern generators, which are collections of neurons specific to the action they initiate or maintain

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4
Q

what is the typical nerve cell structure

A
  • cell body that houses the nucleus. from the cell body there are projections of the cell extension called dendrites that act as antennas to increae the surface area of the cell itself to allow it to receive input from various other cells to allow it to input the information
    they are innervating other distinct circuits and will not be found in isolation
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5
Q

what does the output of CGPs do

A

innervate an effector organ which will allow the individual to repond in a particular way to their environment

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6
Q

what are central pattern generators

A

collections of neurons with a rhythmic output that will influence motor patterns of particular muscle groups

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7
Q

why is there reflex feedback in effector organs

A

this allows for the CGP ouput to be monitoried at all times to make sure it is relevant to the needs of that environment

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8
Q

describe sensory feedback sysems

A

this is where the environment can influence the CGP directly or indirectly through innervation of higher control neurons which in turn feedback to the CGP

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9
Q

what is the central feedback loop of the CGP

A

higher cortical regions can modifty the CGP using a voluntary response

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10
Q

what are the different feedback loops associated with CGPs

A
  • reflex feedback
  • central feedback loop
  • sensory feedback system
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11
Q

what are voluntary actions

A

self initiated actions that are goal directed and learned. they can be adapted and improved with practice

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12
Q

where is the primary sensory cortex

A

posterior to the central sulcus

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13
Q

where is the motor cortex

A

anterior to the central cortex

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14
Q

describe the motor homunculus

A

areas in the homunculus that correspond to the face and hands are large because the motor units for these areas are small and highly packed to allow precision in movement.
limbs have a smaller area because the muscles are large and produce larger, less concise movements

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15
Q

what are the two descending pathways for voluntary movement

A

corticospinal and corticobulbar

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16
Q

describe the neuronal element of the descending motor pathways for voluntary movment

A
  • only two
  • upper neuron with cell bodies in motor cortex that has an axon that descends through the cortex to the brain stem to innervate muscle in the head and neck or to the spinal cord for the body
  • lower neuron sends axon out to peripheral nerve to innervate the muscle for the actual contraction for movement
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17
Q

what are the three regions of white matter

A

dorsal funiculus
lateral funiculus
ventral funiculus

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18
Q

which funiculus are important when looking at descending motor pathways

A

the dorsolateral funiculus and the ventromedial funiculus

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19
Q

what is the motor innervation of trigeminal

A

muscle of mastication

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20
Q

what is the motor innervation of the facial nerve

A

muscle of facial expression

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21
Q

what is the motor control of the vagus nerve

A

soft palate
larynx
pharynx

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22
Q

what is the motor innervation of the hypoglossal

A

extrinsic muscles of the tongue

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23
Q

describe the corticobulbar pathway

A

this is the pathway for the recruitment of lower motor neurons comprising cranial nerves.
cortical portion is the location of the upper neuron and the bulbar is the relative position of the motor nuclei throughout the brainstem for each corresponding cranial nerve

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24
Q

where do cell bodies originate for the corticobulbar pathway

A

the motor cortex, and their axon goes down through the internal capsule through the basis pedunculi in the midbrain to give off branches that innervate the distinct motor neuron groups

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25
Q

where are the cell bodies for the trigeminal motor neuron bodies

A

trigeminal nucleus in the pons

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26
Q

what is the facial nerve cell body in the brainstem

A

the facial motor nucleus at the pontomedullary junction

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27
Q

where is the cell body of the vagus nerve

A

nucleus ambiguus in the medulla

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28
Q

where is the cell body of the hypoglossal nerve

A

nucleus ambiguus

29
Q

how can we carry out simulataneous bilateral muscle contraction

A

the projections of lower motor neurons bifurcate to inneravate both sides of the neuroaxis to carry out the contraction on both sides

30
Q

how does the spinocortical pathway differ from the corticobulbar pathway

A

axons project much further as they go own the spinal cord
the axons cross over to the other side of the spinal cord

31
Q

what is the pyramidal dessucation

A

this is where majority of the axons in the spinocortical pathway will cross over to the other side of the neuroaxis at the level of the medulla

32
Q

how many axons will remain on the same side of the neuroaxis at the pyramidal dessucation, and where do they cross over instead

A

15%, and they will only cross over once they reach the level of the motor neurons that they are due to innervate

33
Q

which descending motor neurons in the spinocortical pathway are found in the lateral corticospinal tract

A

those that crossed at the pyramidal dessucation

34
Q

which descending motor neurons in the spinocortical pathway are found in the anterior corticospinal tract

A

those that are confined to the same side of the neuroaxis until they cross over at their own level

35
Q

which region of the spinal cord houses the lateral corticospinal tract

A

the dorsolateral funiculus

36
Q

which region of the spinal cord houses the anterior corticospinal tract

A

the ventromedial funiculus

37
Q

which pathways to motor neurons originate from the opposite side of the brain

A

the pathways to motor neurons controlling distal muscles originate from the opposite side of the brain.

38
Q

what are distal muscles

A

hands
feet
lower half of the face
tongue

39
Q

what is the command of the gag reflex

A

bilateral descending cortical demand

40
Q

what happens if the lower motor neurons are damaged

A

we will not be able to initiate any movement at all because the final output to muscles are lost

41
Q

describe bells palsy

A

they lose capacity to engage and contract muscles of facial expression
some think this could be due to inflammation
dissipates within two weeks with no long lasting effect

42
Q

what is the purpose of additional descending motor projections

A

they serve to coordinate movement, help maintain posture and balance, and they help to integrate the actions of several muscles

43
Q

where do additional descending motor projections arise from

A

various areas of the cerebrum and brainstem like the basal ganglia, cerebellum and brainstem

44
Q

describe basal ganglia

A

these are comprised of several interconnected subcortical nuclei that link to the cerebral cortex via feedback loops

45
Q

what does the basal ganglia do

A

influence and regulates output from the motor cortex
acts to initiate actions and switch from one action to another

46
Q

what structure links the two hemispheres of the brain

A

corpus callosum

47
Q

what can allow for the identification of the basal ganglia

A

the ventricles and associated bundles of white matter

48
Q

where is the body of the caudate nucleus found

A

the lateral protrusion at the lateral aspect of the lateral ventricle

49
Q

where is the putamen

A

the internal capsule of white matter, where there is a cluster of cells forming a grey matter

50
Q

where is the globus pallidus

A

medial to the putamen

51
Q

where is the thalamus

A

protrusion in the lateral aspect of the third ventricle

52
Q

where is the substantia nigra

A

speckled grey matter posterior to the thalamus

53
Q

what are the components of the basal ganglia

A
  • body of caudate nucleus
  • putamen
  • globus pallidus
  • thalamus
  • substantia nigra
54
Q

what makes up the corpus striatum

A

the caudate nucleus
putamen
globus pallidus

55
Q

what makes up the sub thalamic nuclei

A

the thalamus

56
Q

what are the three action selection centres formed from the basal ganglia

A

corpus striatum
subthalamic nuclei
substantia nigra

57
Q

which region of the brain is affected by parkinsons disease

A

the substantia nigra

58
Q

which region of the brain is affected by huntingtons disease

A

the corpus striatum

59
Q

what causes parkinsons

A

dopamine deficiency in the substantia nigra

60
Q

describe parkinsons disease

A
  • hypokinetic disorder leading to reduced movements
  • leads to a resting tremor due to paralysis agitans
  • poverty of movement
  • mask like face
  • difficulty in initiating movements
61
Q

what is the actual reason for the symptoms from parkinsons

A

deterioration of nerve cells in the substantia nigra

62
Q

describe huntingtons disease

A

hyperkinetic disorder leading to excessive and uncontrolled movements
happens due to an imbalance in neurotransmitter (decreased GABA levels) in the striatum

63
Q

describe the cerebellum

A

this region is important for coordinating movements and regulates actions of antagonistic muscle groups
it is important in maintaining balance and receives input from proprioceptors
acts to compare the actual performance with what is intended

64
Q

where is the cerebellum

A

at the back of the brain behind the brainstem at the pons and fourth ventricle
occipital lobe found behind it

65
Q

describe voluntary actions muscle usage

A

it is very rare for only one set of muscles to be involved in an action
action by one set of muscles are often accompanied by actions of other muscles
therefore they are coordinated to ensure posture and balance are maintained

66
Q

what happens to maintain posture if we lean forward and stretch our calf muscles

A

the stretch reflexes that are mediated by muscle spindles will allow for contraction and this will return our posture back to normal

67
Q

what maintains upright posture

A

series of small correcting actions that keep the head in position with the body’s centre of gravity

68
Q

what initiates and refines motor output

A

initiated from activity from the motor cortex
refined from regions of the associated cortex and subcortical areas

Human Systems and Anatomy (57 decks)

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