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Human Systems and Anatomy > Control of the Alimentary System > Flashcards

Control of the Alimentary System Flashcards

1
Q

which two factors are involved in the control of the alimentary system

A

nervous control and hormonal control

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2
Q

which nerves are involved in control of the alimentary system

A

nerves from both the somatic and autonomic branches of the nervous system

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3
Q

how can the somatic branch of the peripheral nervous system be further divided

A

sensory and motor

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4
Q

how can the autonomic nervous system be further divided

A

parasympathetic and sympathetic

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5
Q

which group of hormones control the alimentary system

A

gastrointestinal tract hormones

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6
Q

what are the gastrointestinal tract hormones

A
  • cholecystokinin
  • gastrin
  • gastric inhibitory peptide
  • secretin
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7
Q

what does secretin do

A

reduces gastric acid secretion and increases bicarbonate from the pancreas

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8
Q

what is the sympathetic nervous system responsible for

A

fight or flight; increased heart rate and breathing, reduced gut motility

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9
Q

describe the parasympathetic nervous system

A

in charge of rest and digest, reducing heart rate and breathing and increasing gut motility

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10
Q

what is cholecystokinin

A

hormone secreted by the duodenum endocrine cells that helps in digestion of fats and protein

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11
Q

what is CCK

A

cholecystokinin

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12
Q

describe gastrin

A

secreted by the G cells of the stomach to stimulate hydrochloric acid by the parietal cells

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13
Q

what is the main role of gastric inhibitory peptide

A

increase insulin secretion

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14
Q

where in the gastrointestinal tract are the hormones most active

A

at the level of the stomach

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15
Q

what does the mouth and pharynx function in

A

secretion of saliva and motility for chewing and swallowing

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16
Q

describe saliva secretory control

A

some cranial nerves

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17
Q

how does saliva function

A

both chemically and mechanically

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18
Q

how does saliva function chemically

A

gustation and olfaction (taste and smell) important to note that smell has a minor effect in human beings

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19
Q

how does saliva function mechanically

A

functions in chewing and loading the periodontal ligaments

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20
Q

do conditioned reflexes have a large role in humans

A

no very minor

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21
Q

which cranial nerve is VII

A

facial nerve

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22
Q

which cranial nerve is IX

A

glossopharhyngeal

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23
Q

which cranial nerve is V

A

trigeminal nerve

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24
Q

give a quick description of Ivan Pavlov’s dogs experiment

A

discovery of classical conditioning whereby the ringing of the bell when presenting the dogs with food stimulated saliva production whenever the bell was rung, even when food was not present

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25
what are the main stimulus that go to the brain to stimulate secretion from the salivary glands
visual olfactory mechanical chemical
26
what is visual stimulus for saliva secretion
sight of the food
27
what is olfactory stimulus for saliva secretion
smell of food
28
what is mechanical stimulus for saliva secretion
chewing
29
what is chemical stimulus for saliva secretion
taste which is most potent when there is acid content
30
describe the process of chewing
uses the jaw, facial and tongue muscles skeletal muscle in type, and is controlled by somatic nerves voluntary, autonomic control via the central nerves V, VII and XII
31
describe the process of swallowing
uses the jaw, tongue and pharyngeal muscles skeletal muscle in type and is controlled by somatic nerves autonomic and reflex control is via the central nerves V, IX, X, XII and swallowing centre
32
which cranial nerve controls the oesophagus
X
33
which cranial nerve is V
trigeminal
34
which cranial nerve is VII
facial muscles
35
which cranial nerve is XII
hypoglossal
36
which cranial nerve is IX
glossopharyngeal
37
what is secreted in the stomach
gastric juice
38
what is involved in stomach motility
filling and relaxation mixing propulsive movements (peristalsis) emptying
39
what are the phases to gastric activity
cephalic phase gastric phase intestinal phase
40
describe the mechanical stimuli of the cephalic phase of gastric activity
the muscles of mastication
41
describe the chemical stimuli of the cephalic phase of gastric activity
taste and smell
42
describe the pyschic stimuli of the cephalic phase of gastric activity
visual and emotional
43
what is involved in head stimuli
mechanical, chemical and psychic stimuli
44
describe the mechanical stimuli of the gastric phase
distension
45
describe the chemical stimuli of the gastric phase
food in the stomach
46
describe the mechanical stimuli of the intestinal phase
distension
47
describe the chemical stimuli of the intestinal phase
acids and proteins in the duodenum
48
what is the name of the stimuli for the gastric phase
intragastric stimuli
49
what is the name of the stimuli for the intestinal phase
intestinal stimuli
50
what is the name of the stimuli for the cephalic phase
head stimuli
51
what is the cephalic phase controlled by
long reflex nerves
52
what is the gastric phase controlled by
long and short reflex nerves and gastrin hormones
53
what is the intestinal phase controlled by
long and short reflex nerves, gastrointesitnal and secretin hormones and slow gastric emptying
54
what are long reflex nerves
these carry to the brain
55
what are short reflex nerves
these are local
56
what is GIP
gastric inhibitory peptide involved in weak inhibition of stomach acid secretion stimulates insulin secretion stops death of pancreatic beta cells stimulates glucagon and accumulation of fat
57
what are pancreatic beta cells responsible for producing
insulin
58
where is secretin produced
the duodenum
59
what does secretin reduce the secretions from
parietal cells of acid
60
what does secretin increase the production of
bicarbonate from the pancreas
61
describe the process of nervous control of the gastrointestinal tract function
there is stimulus picked up by the receptors. the receptors can then either travel to the nerve plexus or go to the cns before going to the nerve plexus. the plexus goes to the smooth muscle or glands response is initiated
62
describe the process of hormonal control of the gastrointestinal tract function
stimulus receptors endocrine cells circulation smooth muscle and glands response
63
what are the secretions of the small intestine
intestinal juice
64
describe the motility functions of the small intestine
mixing, villus movements, segmentation contractions and peristalsis
65
how is the small intestine mainly controlled
local nerves known as short reflexes in response to intra luminal stimuli
66
which muscle type contracts in the small intestine
smooth muscle
67
what is found in pancreatic juice
bicarbonate
68
what is secretin released as in response to
acid
69
what does CCK move
the bile sac
70
how does CCK mainly work
by promoting the digestion of fat and protein - also an appetite suppressant
71
how does VIP function in the gut
breaks down glycogen and relaxes the smooth muscle of the gall bladder and the stomach
72
how is secretion of bile released
it is controlled by the vagus nerve which stimulates the relaxation of the sphincter of oddi
73
what is CCK released from the duodenum in response to
fat and protein
74
what stimulates the contraction of the gall bladder
CCK
75
what are the secretions of the large intestine and rectum
mucous and some water and electrolytes
76
what are the motility functions of the large intestine and rectum
mixing mass movements defaecation
77
what is super peristalsis
mass movements
78
what are the mixing and segmentation movements controlled by in the large intestine
local reflexes
79
what are long reflexes triggered by
food entering the stomach, which increases the motility in intestines
80
what does the gastro ileal reflex allow
increase in gastric activity on the ileum
81
what does the gastro colic reflex mean for the colon
increased motility on the colon - could be related to mass movements
82
describe the control of the large intestine and rectum
mainly neural. controlled by autonomic nervous system
83
which cranial nerve supplies the splenic flexure
vagus
84
what supplies the descending colon and rectum
the pelvic nerves
85
describe the control of the anal canal
autonomic control and voluntary autonomic controls the internal sphincter voluntary control of the external sphincter sacral somatic nerves are also involved
86
describe the control of the internal anal sphincter
parasympathetic fibres which relax involuntarily
87
describe the control of the external anal sphincter
skeletal muscle that is controlled by somatic nerve supply from the inferior anal branch of the pudental nerve which allows conscious control of defecation
88
describe the rectosphincteric reflex
initiated when the rectum is distended and it relaxes the internal sphincter
89
what is responsible for relaxing the internal sphincter
the rectosphincteric reflex
90
what can delay defecation
voluntary contraction of the external sphincter
91
what are the series of reflexes that take place to lead to defaecation
- relaxation of the external sphincter - contraction of abdominal wall muscles - relaxation of pelvic wall muscles - peristaltic waves then facilitate the movement of faeces through the anal canal
92
what produces gastrin
g cells
93
what is the gastric inhibitory peptide
a weak inhibitor
94
where in the alimentary is the somatic nervous system more active
at the top and bottom, as you can choose to eat and shit
95
where is the autonomic nervous system more active in the alimentary system
the middle
96
where in the alimentary system are hormones most dominant
in the area of the stomach and upper part of the small intestine
97
what is motility in the mouth and pharynx
the activity of chewing and swallowing
98
what influences production of saliva
chemical and mechanical influence
99
which two hormones are involved in gastric activity
GIP and secretin
100
what does distension mean
swelling
101
what do prestaltic waves facilitate
movement of faeces through the anal canal
102
what facilitates the movement of faeces through the anal canal
peristaltic waves
103

Human Systems and Anatomy (57 decks)

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