Clinical Anatomy of the Face Flashcards
what are the 2 parts of the heads skeleton
neurocranium and the viscerocranium
what makes up the neurocranium
calvaria
cranial base
eight bones
what is the calvaria
roof of the skull
what is the cranial base
floor of the skull
what are the eight bones of the neurocranium
frontal
ethmoid
sphenoid
occipital
temperol
parietal
what is the neurocranium
the bony covering of the brain and meninges
how many bones make up the facial skeleton
14 bones
which skeletal bones are pneumatised
frontal
temperol
sphenoid
ethmoid
maxillary
what does it mean to say that bones are pneumatised
there is air within them
what makes the skeletal bones pneumatised
the paranasal sinuses and the mastoid air cells for the temperol bone
label this
what is the proper name for the ear canal
the external auditory meatus
how much of non verbal communication is conveyed through facial expression
80-90%
who received the first facial transplant around the orifices
isabelle dianoire in amiens in france in 2005
when was the worlds second facial transplant
2006
what makes up the anterior aspect of the head
from the forehead to the chin and from ear to ear
role of the face
provide identity depending on underlying skeleton
how does the growth of the facial skeleton compare to calvaria
longer
what is included in the calvaria
orbit
nasal cavity
paranasal sinuses
teeth
label this from 1-24
what are the triangles of the neck important for
important anatomically as well as for identifying lumps and bumps and to work out more sinister lesions
label the surface anatomy of this person
how many spinal nerves
31
how many cranial nerves
12
how many cervical nerves
8
how many thoracic nerves
12
how many lumbar nerves
5
how many sacral nerves
5
how many coccygeal nerves
1
what are the two most important cranial nerves for dentistry
trigeminal and facial
describe the trigeminal nerve
supplies sensory innervation to the face as well as motor innervation to the muscles of mastication
what are the branches of the trigeminal nerve
opthalmic
maxillary
mandibular
describe the facial nerve
supplies the muscles of facial expression, special sensory fibres, general sensory fibres, parasympathetic fibres and efferent fibres to innervate the sublingual and submandibular salivary glands
what are the branches of the facial nerve
temporal
zygomatic
buccal
marginal mandibular
cervical
what does the opthalmic nerve supply
forehead and scalp
frontal and ethmoidal sinus
upper eyelid and its conjunctiva
cornea
dorsum of the nose
what does the maxillary nerve supply
lower eyelid and its conjunctiva
cheeks and maxillary sinus
nasal cavity and lateral nose
upper lip
upper molar, incisor and canine teeth and the associated gingiva
superior palate
what does the mandibular nerve supply
mucous membranes and floor of the oral cavity
external ear
lower lip
chin
anterior two thirds of the tongue (general sensation)
lower molar, incisor and canine teeth, and associated gingiva
describe the motor supply given by the trigeminal
muscles of mastication
anterior belly of the digastric muscle
mylohyoid muscle
what are the suprahyoid muscles
digastric, stylohyoid, geniohyoid, and mylohyoid
what are the muscles of mastication
medial pteryoid
lateral pterygiod
masseter
temporalis
what is the function of the masseter
elevate the mandibule and close the mouth
what is the function of the temporalis
elevate the mandible and close the mouth
retraction of the mouth
what is the function of the lateral pterygoid
both left and right act at the same time to result in protraction of the mandible
when one acts on its own it results in deviation of the mandible to the opposite side
what is the function of the medial pterygoid
elevation of the mandible and closure of the mouth
what does the masseter originate from
zygomatic arch
what does the temporalis originate from
the parietal and sphenoid bone
how many muscles of the face are there in total
43
how are the muscles of the face arranged
around the eyes, nose mouth and ears
what are the muscles of the face attached to
the bone or fascia, and then to the skin
what supplies the muscles of the face
the facial nerve
what are the roles of the muscles of the mouth, lips and cheeks
lips and degree of mouth opening to give good function for eating and talking
what is retraction of the lips
moving them backwards to smile or show your teeth
what is meant by evertion
pouting the lips
what are the muscles of the mouth lips and cheeks
orbicularis oris and the buccinator
what is the muscle involved in pouting
orbicularis oris
what does the orbicularis oris originate from
the maxilla and cheek muscles, to insert into the skin and mucous membranes of the lips.
what supplies the orbicularis oris
the buccal branch of the facial nerve
what does the buccinator originate from
the maxilla and the mandible.
extends down to blend with the orbicularis oris and the skin of the lips
what is the function of the buccinator muscle
pulls the cheeks inward to result in pushing the food and fluid into the centre of the oral cavity
what supplies the buccinator
the buccal branch of the facial nerve
what are the two muscular parts involved in the opening of the eye
orbital
palpebral
describe the orbital part of orbital opening
strong closure of the eyes, thicker part of this muscle
describe the palpebral part of the orbital opening muscle
in eyelids, does soft closure of the eyes including blinking
what is the muscle of orbital opening called
orbicularis oculi
describe the auricular muscles
very small, vestigial (no function) in humans
few of us are able to easily move our ears voluntarily
describe the route of the parotid duct
passes from the anterior aspect and enters the oral cavity opposite the second upper molar tooth
which structures pas through the parotid gland
external carotid artery
retromandibular vein
facial nerve
what encloses the parotid gland
a tight investing fascia (sheath of tissue) to form a protective capsule
what virus causes mumps
paramyxovirus
which problems can be caused by mumps
deafness
infertility
meningitis
what is facial palsy
weakness or loss of function of the muscles of the face
what is a parotidectomy
surgical removal of the parotid gland
what is facial reanimation
this is bringing the face back to life from paralysis
what is bells palsy
facial paralysis on one side
the most common cranial neuropathy
only diagnosed if there is no specific cause for the paralysis eg a stroke
what is the function of acyclovir
helps with viral infection
what causes bells palsy
swelling as the facial nerve passes through the stylomastoid foramen
label this
what are the branches of the facial nerve
temperol
zygomatic
buccal
marginal mandibular
cervical
what does the temperol branch of the facial nerve innervate
frontalis
orbicularis oculi
corrugator supercili
what does the zygomatic branch of the facial nerve innervate
orbicularis oculi
what does the buccal branch of the facial nerve innervate
orbicularis oris
buccinator
zygomaticus muscles
what does the marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve innervate
mentalis muscle
what does the cervical branch of the facial nerve innervate
the platysma
which forms of parotidecotomy are there and which is preferred
anterograde, where you locate the main facial nerve and trace out the boundaries, is preferred.
retrograde is going from the branches to the main trunk of the facial nerve
why are there electrodes on patients getting surgery on their parotid gland
to stimulate any nerves to ensure none are cut; a precaution
what is a modified blair incision
pre auricular incision in front of the ear to below the ear, back up over the mastoid process and into the skin crease of the neck
why is the angle of the mandible noted when doing facial surgeries
to note the course of the marginal mandibular division of the facial nerve. damage to that branch can result in loss of function of those muscles at the lower lip
what is betadine used for
anti septic agent to cleanse the area
what do nerve stimulators do
buzz any area which looks like the facial nerve to result in electrodes picking up the impulses
what causes flexion of the neck
muscle moves the neck the opposite when there is ipsilateral contraction and when both contract, there is flexion of the neck
what is used if there is risk of damage to the facial nerve as a nerve graft
the great auricular nerve
what does the main branch of the facial nerve bifurcate into
cervicofacial and temperofacial
when does facial reanimation become impossible
if the paralysis lasts longer than 12 months
what is facial reanimation
bringing the face back to life
what is static reconstruction
making the face look symmetrical
what is facial anastomosis
used for patients with intermediate duration length facial paralysis
not used in long standing facial paralysis
the side to end anastomosis most popular
what does the hypoglossal nerve innervate
tongue muscles
facial nerve innervate the facial muscles
what are the side effects of a facial hypoglossasl anastomosis
patients can have contraction of their face every time they ate and drank, but with intestine craniofacial physiotherapy and botulinum toxin type B injections to the face it can be controlled
what is the goal of static reamination using autogenous fascia lata
not trying to give back full function, just trying to give back some symmetry
how is the joker smile prevented in facial reanimation using the tissue taken from the thigh
having two joint points
what is the fascia lata
fibrous avascular band running down the lateral aspect of the thigh with a very minor role in hip movement and knee stabilisation
done endoscopically
where is the fascia lata placed in the face to reanimate the face
in and around the zygomatic bone and anchored to the modiolus.
what is the modiolous
corner of the mouth
label this
label this
