Clinical Anatomy of the Face Flashcards
1
Q
what are the 2 parts of the heads skeleton
A
neurocranium and the viscerocranium
2
Q
what makes up the neurocranium
A
calvaria
cranial base
eight bones
3
Q
what is the calvaria
A
roof of the skull
4
Q
what is the cranial base
A
floor of the skull
5
Q
what are the eight bones of the neurocranium
A
frontal
ethmoid
sphenoid
occipital
temperol
parietal
6
Q
what is the neurocranium
A
the bony covering of the brain and meninges
7
Q
how many bones make up the facial skeleton
A
14 bones
8
Q
which skeletal bones are pneumatised
A
frontal
temperol
sphenoid
ethmoid
maxillary
9
Q
what does it mean to say that bones are pneumatised
A
there is air within them
10
Q
what makes the skeletal bones pneumatised
A
the paranasal sinuses and the mastoid air cells for the temperol bone
11
Q
label this
A
12
Q
what is the proper name for the ear canal
A
the external auditory meatus
13
Q
how much of non verbal communication is conveyed through facial expression
A
80-90%
14
Q
who received the first facial transplant around the orifices
A
isabelle dianoire in amiens in france in 2005
15
Q
when was the worlds second facial transplant
A
2006
16
Q
what makes up the anterior aspect of the head
A
from the forehead to the chin and from ear to ear
17
Q
role of the face
A
provide identity depending on underlying skeleton
18
Q
how does the growth of the facial skeleton compare to calvaria
A
longer
19
Q
what is included in the calvaria
A
orbit
nasal cavity
paranasal sinuses
teeth
20
Q
label this from 1-24
A
21
Q
what are the triangles of the neck important for
A
important anatomically as well as for identifying lumps and bumps and to work out more sinister lesions
22
Q
label the surface anatomy of this person
A
23
Q
how many spinal nerves
A
31
24
Q
how many cranial nerves
A
12
25
how many cervical nerves
8
26
how many thoracic nerves
12
27
how many lumbar nerves
5
28
how many sacral nerves
5
29
how many coccygeal nerves
1
30
what are the two most important cranial nerves for dentistry
trigeminal and facial
31
describe the trigeminal nerve
supplies sensory innervation to the face as well as motor innervation to the muscles of mastication
32
what are the branches of the trigeminal nerve
opthalmic
maxillary
mandibular
33
describe the facial nerve
supplies the muscles of facial expression, special sensory fibres, general sensory fibres, parasympathetic fibres and efferent fibres to innervate the sublingual and submandibular salivary glands
34
what are the branches of the facial nerve
temporal
zygomatic
buccal
marginal mandibular
cervical
35
what does the opthalmic nerve supply
forehead and scalp
frontal and ethmoidal sinus
upper eyelid and its conjunctiva
cornea
dorsum of the nose
36
what does the maxillary nerve supply
lower eyelid and its conjunctiva
cheeks and maxillary sinus
nasal cavity and lateral nose
upper lip
upper molar, incisor and canine teeth and the associated gingiva
superior palate
37
what does the mandibular nerve supply
mucous membranes and floor of the oral cavity
external ear
lower lip
chin
anterior two thirds of the tongue (general sensation)
lower molar, incisor and canine teeth, and associated gingiva
38
describe the motor supply given by the trigeminal
muscles of mastication
anterior belly of the digastric muscle
mylohyoid muscle
39
what are the suprahyoid muscles
digastric, stylohyoid, geniohyoid, and mylohyoid
40
what are the muscles of mastication
medial pteryoid
lateral pterygiod
masseter
temporalis
41
what is the function of the masseter
elevate the mandibule and close the mouth
42
what is the function of the temporalis
elevate the mandible and close the mouth
retraction of the mouth
43
what is the function of the lateral pterygoid
both left and right act at the same time to result in protraction of the mandible
when one acts on its own it results in deviation of the mandible to the opposite side
44
what is the function of the medial pterygoid
elevation of the mandible and closure of the mouth
45
what does the masseter originate from
zygomatic arch
46
what does the temporalis originate from
the parietal and sphenoid bone
47
how many muscles of the face are there in total
43
48
how are the muscles of the face arranged
around the eyes, nose mouth and ears
49
what are the muscles of the face attached to
the bone or fascia, and then to the skin
50
what supplies the muscles of the face
the facial nerve
51
what are the roles of the muscles of the mouth, lips and cheeks
lips and degree of mouth opening to give good function for eating and talking
52
what is retraction of the lips
moving them backwards to smile or show your teeth
53
what is meant by evertion
pouting the lips
54
what are the muscles of the mouth lips and cheeks
orbicularis oris and the buccinator
55
what is the muscle involved in pouting
orbicularis oris
56
what does the orbicularis oris originate from
the maxilla and cheek muscles, to insert into the skin and mucous membranes of the lips.
57
what supplies the orbicularis oris
the buccal branch of the facial nerve
58
what does the buccinator originate from
the maxilla and the mandible.
extends down to blend with the orbicularis oris and the skin of the lips
59
what is the function of the buccinator muscle
pulls the cheeks inward to result in pushing the food and fluid into the centre of the oral cavity
60
what supplies the buccinator
the buccal branch of the facial nerve
61
what are the two muscular parts involved in the opening of the eye
orbital
palpebral
62
describe the orbital part of orbital opening
strong closure of the eyes, thicker part of this muscle
63
describe the palpebral part of the orbital opening muscle
in eyelids, does soft closure of the eyes including blinking
64
what is the muscle of orbital opening called
orbicularis oculi
65
describe the auricular muscles
very small, vestigial (no function) in humans
few of us are able to easily move our ears voluntarily
66
describe the route of the parotid duct
passes from the anterior aspect and enters the oral cavity opposite the second upper molar tooth
67
which structures pas through the parotid gland
external carotid artery
retromandibular vein
facial nerve
68
what encloses the parotid gland
a tight investing fascia (sheath of tissue) to form a protective capsule
69
what virus causes mumps
paramyxovirus
70
which problems can be caused by mumps
deafness
infertility
meningitis
71
what is facial palsy
weakness or loss of function of the muscles of the face
72
what is a parotidectomy
surgical removal of the parotid gland
73
what is facial reanimation
this is bringing the face back to life from paralysis
74
what is bells palsy
facial paralysis on one side
the most common cranial neuropathy
only diagnosed if there is no specific cause for the paralysis eg a stroke
75
what is the function of acyclovir
helps with viral infection
76
what causes bells palsy
swelling as the facial nerve passes through the stylomastoid foramen
77
label this
78
what are the branches of the facial nerve
temperol
zygomatic
buccal
marginal mandibular
cervical
79
what does the temperol branch of the facial nerve innervate
frontalis
orbicularis oculi
corrugator supercili
80
what does the zygomatic branch of the facial nerve innervate
orbicularis oculi
81
what does the buccal branch of the facial nerve innervate
orbicularis oris
buccinator
zygomaticus muscles
82
what does the marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve innervate
mentalis muscle
83
what does the cervical branch of the facial nerve innervate
the platysma
84
which forms of parotidecotomy are there and which is preferred
anterograde, where you locate the main facial nerve and trace out the boundaries, is preferred.
retrograde is going from the branches to the main trunk of the facial nerve
85
why are there electrodes on patients getting surgery on their parotid gland
to stimulate any nerves to ensure none are cut; a precaution
86
what is a modified blair incision
pre auricular incision in front of the ear to below the ear, back up over the mastoid process and into the skin crease of the neck
87
why is the angle of the mandible noted when doing facial surgeries
to note the course of the marginal mandibular division of the facial nerve. damage to that branch can result in loss of function of those muscles at the lower lip
88
what is betadine used for
anti septic agent to cleanse the area
89
what do nerve stimulators do
buzz any area which looks like the facial nerve to result in electrodes picking up the impulses
90
what causes flexion of the neck
muscle moves the neck the opposite when there is ipsilateral contraction and when both contract, there is flexion of the neck
91
what is used if there is risk of damage to the facial nerve as a nerve graft
the great auricular nerve
92
what does the main branch of the facial nerve bifurcate into
cervicofacial and temperofacial
93
when does facial reanimation become impossible
if the paralysis lasts longer than 12 months
94
what is facial reanimation
bringing the face back to life
95
what is static reconstruction
making the face look symmetrical
96
what is facial anastomosis
used for patients with intermediate duration length facial paralysis
not used in long standing facial paralysis
the side to end anastomosis most popular
97
what does the hypoglossal nerve innervate
tongue muscles
facial nerve innervate the facial muscles
98
what are the side effects of a facial hypoglossasl anastomosis
patients can have contraction of their face every time they ate and drank, but with intestine craniofacial physiotherapy and botulinum toxin type B injections to the face it can be controlled
99
what is the goal of static reamination using autogenous fascia lata
not trying to give back full function, just trying to give back some symmetry
100
how is the joker smile prevented in facial reanimation using the tissue taken from the thigh
having two joint points
101
what is the fascia lata
fibrous avascular band running down the lateral aspect of the thigh with a very minor role in hip movement and knee stabilisation
done endoscopically
102
where is the fascia lata placed in the face to reanimate the face
in and around the zygomatic bone and anchored to the modiolus.
103
what is the modiolous
corner of the mouth
104
label this
105
label this
