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Human Systems and Anatomy > Glands and Hormones > Flashcards

Glands and Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

describe the location of the endocrine cells in the brain

A

hypothalamus is above the pituitary gland, the pineal gland is located above and in between the pons and medulla oblongata.

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2
Q

what interconnects the pituitary and hypothalamus

A

blood vessels, neuron bodies and the infundibulum

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3
Q

what are the roles of the hypothalamus

A

thermoregulation
hormone secretion
circadian rhythms
motivation
emotions

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4
Q

what are the hormone secretion roles of the hypothalamus

A

primary hormones and trophic hormones secretion

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5
Q

what is involved in motivation

A

thirst
feeding
sexual behaviour

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6
Q

what is monosodium glutamate

A

neurostimulator that kills a certain portion of hormones from the hypothalamus
become obsese despite eating the same food as another person.
concept of metabolical changes exists so there is metabolically a symbol.

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7
Q

describe urine in diabetes mellitus

A

sweet, due to sucrose and glucose

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8
Q

describe urine in the other diabetes

A

no sweet taste

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9
Q

how does the hypothalamus have a role in circadian rhythms

A

by responding to day and night cycles

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10
Q

what are circadian rhythms

A

the internal clock that makes us alert or sleepy

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11
Q

describe how the hypothalamus is related to the pituitary

A

it produces hormone releasing hormones that pass to the anterior pituitary via blood vessels and this triggers the secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary

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12
Q

what are the blood vessels between the hypothalamus and the pituitary

A

hypothalmic pituitary portal vessels

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13
Q

how is the posterior pituitary connected to the hypothalamus

A

through axons that are form cells present in the hypothalamus.

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14
Q

describe the relationship between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary

A

hormones produced in the hypothalamus pass to the posterior pituitary along the nerve axons
released into circulation in the posterior pituitary

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15
Q

label this

A
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16
Q

label this

A
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17
Q

what are the hypothalmic hormones

A
  • corticotropin releasing hormone
  • gonadotropin releasing hormone
  • thyrtropin releasing hormone
  • growth hormone releasing hormone
  • somastostain (growth hormone inhibiting)
  • prolactin releasing hormone
  • dopamine
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18
Q

what are trophic hormones

A

hormones that stimulate the release of other hormones

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19
Q

what are the anterior pituitary hormones

A
  • adrenocorticotropin hormone
  • follicle stimulating hormone
  • luteinising hormone
  • thyroid stimulating hormone
  • growth hormone
  • prolactin
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20
Q

describe the route of corticotropins

A

stressors stimulate the hypothalamus to release corticotropin realeasing hormone to the anterior pituitary gland to release ACTH to the adrenal cortex to release cortisol

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21
Q

describe the gonadotrophins course

A

stimulus on the hypothalamus to release gonadotrophin releasing hormone to the anterior pituitary gland to release follicle stimulating hormone/luteinising hormone to go to ovaries and testes

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22
Q

describe the action of the follicle stimulating hormone on the ovaries

A

ovum maturation and oestrogen production

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23
Q

describe the action of luteinising hormone on the ovaries

A

ovulation production of oestrogen and progesterone

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24
Q

describe the action of follicle stimulating hormone on the testes

A

sperm production

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25
describe the action luteinising hormone on testes
testosterone production
26
describe the course of thryotropins
stimulus on the hypothalamus to release of thyrotropin releasing hormone to the anterior pituitary gland, which releases thyroid stimulating hormone to go to the thyroid gland to release thyroid hormones
27
describe the action of the somatotrophins
stimulus to the hypothalamus to release of growth hormone releasing hormone and growth hormone inhibiting hormone to the anterior pituitary gland to produce growth hormone
28
describe the course of action of prolactin
stimulus to the hypothalamus to release prolactin releasing hormone and prolactin inhibiting hormone to produce prolactin
29
what the action of prolactin
breast development and milk production
30
what are the posterior pituitary hormones
antidiuretic hormone oxytocin these are produced by neurons in the hypothalamus and pass along the axons to the posterior part of the pituitary
31
what are the two nuclei in the pituitary gland
paraventricular nucleus (ADH) supraoptic nucleus (Oxytocin)
32
describe the course of the antiduiretic hormone
stimulus on the hypothalamus release of ADH through axonal transport to the posterior pituitary gland release of ADH in plasma to the kidney water reabsorption in collecting ducts
33
describe the course of action of oxytocin
stretch of the uterus releases oxytocin from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary gland leading to oxytocin in the plasma and contraction of the uterus
34
describe the action of the infant suckling and how it affects hormone release
stimulating oxytocin release along axons from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary gland to produce oxytocin into the plasma and eject milk
34
what is released from the thyroid gland
thyroid hormones T3 T4 calcitonin
35
what produces calcitonin
the parafollicular cells in the thyroid gland
36
what are the actions of thyroid hormone
- increase metabolic rate of all cells - determine basal metabolic rate - essential for normal fetal and childhood growth - permissive effect on the action of adrenaline by upregulating adrenoreceptors
37
which thyroid hormone is more potent
T3, although it has a short half life
38
what is used if there is not enough thyroid hormone production
thyroxine medication
39
describe undersecretion of the thyroid gland
leads to cretinism and myxoedema
40
what does oversecretion of the thyroid gland lead to
graves disease
41
what is simple goitre
thyroid swelling associated with iodine deficiency low levels of thyroxine result in increased secretion of TSH iodide added to salt
42
how much of pancreatic tissue are taken up by islets of langerhans
1-2%
43
what surrounds the islets of langerhans
exocrine tissue
44
label this
45
what is this
an islet of langehans stained with immunocytochemistry glucagon is green somatostatin is red
46
how does immunocytochemistry work
stains make the tissue produce light
47
what is insulin released in response to
raised blood glucose and amino acids glucose dependent insulinotropic peptide vagus nerve
48
what does the insulin hormone act overall to do
lower blood glucose
49
how does insulin lower blood glucose
it facilitates its entry into: - muscle cells - adipocytes glucose is taken in by the liver but not with the aid of insulin
50
what does insulin promote the formation of
glycogen triglycerides facilitate protein synthesis
51
what promotes release of insulin
increased blood glucose increased blood amino acids GIP vagus nerve activity
52
what is GIP
glucose dependent insulinotropic peptide which is also known as the gastric inhibitory peptide
53
what inhibits insulin secretion
adrenaline sympathetic nerves somatostatin
54
what happens to insulin production when people are anxious
it decreases
55
what is glucagon released in response to
low blood glucose concentration
56
what does glucagon act to do
raise blood glucose levels
57
what are the actions of glucagon
glycogenolysis gluconeogenesis lipolysis and ketone synthesis
58
where does glycogenolysis occur
liver
59
what is glycogenolysis
this is the break down of glycogen to produce glucose
60
what is gluconeogenesis
this is when the liver produces glucose through the use of amino acids and fatty acids
61
what promotes the secretion of glucagon
decreased blood glucose increased blood amino acids cholescystokinin autonomic nerve activity
62
what inhibits the secretion of glucagon
insulin and somatostatin
63
why are insulin glucagon and somatostatin all released in the same area
because they all work together to control blood glucose levels
64
describe diabetes mellitus
elevated blood glucose concentration, due to a decreased glucose uptake by cells.
65
what are the metabolic changes associated with diabetes mellitus
gluconeogenesis and lipolysis
66
what are the clinical features of diabetes mellitus
- polyuria - poydipsia - glycosuria - diabetic neuropathy - skin and oral diseases
67
what is polyuria
increased urine production
68
what is polydipsia
increased fluid intake due to an increase in thirst
69
what is glycosuria
glucose in the urine
70
describe type 1 diabetes
insulin dependent patients due to a decrease in insulin secretion from destruction of beta cells. 10% of cases, usual early onset insulin injections and diet are the key treatment features
71
describe type 2 diabetes
insulin levels in the patients are norma, but the target cell no longer responds to it. related to obesity, usually has a late onset in life. treated through control of diet and oral hypoglycaemic agents
72
what makes periodontitis different to gingivitis
loss of attachment no bleeding need an autoimmune component to have periodontal disease greater risk of diabetes, can make diabetes worse and vice versa
73
why are adrenal glands described as supra renal
they lie on top of the kidneys
74
what are the hormones produced from the adrenal cortex
corticosteroids, such as - aldosterone - cortisol - androgens
75
what are the hormones produced from the adrenal medulla
adrenaline and noradreanline, catelochomine hormones
76
what is the production of corticoids associated with
cholesterol chain reaction
77
describe cortisol
a glucocorticoid hormone that is produced by cells of the zona fasiculata of the adrenal cortex controlled by ACTH
78
what controls the secretion of cortisol
ACTH
79
what are the actions of cortisol
metabolic permissive anti inflammatory immnuosuppressant
80
describe aldosterone
a mineralcorticoid hormone that is produced by the cells of the zona glomerulosa controlled by RAAS
81
describe the actions of aldosterone
promotes reabsorption of sodium and water in the kidney increases excretion of hydrogen and potassium
82
what is the RAAS system
renin angiotensin aldosterone system
83
describe the series of events in the RAAS
- stimulus - renin production from kidney - angiotensinogen in the blood is converted by renin - to become angiotensin 1 - ACE converts it to angiotensin 2 - travels to adrenal cortex - increase aldosterone release - increase sodium reabsorption in cortical collecting ducts
84
what is ACE
angiotensin converting enzyme
85
what are ACE inhibitors used to treat
hypertension
86
describe androgens
gonadocorticoid hormone produced from the zona fasiculata and reticularis of the adrenal cortex
87
what are the main hormones of the gonadocorticoid
androgens
88
what do androgens do
contribute to growth, which contribute to growth and sexual characteristics in boys and girls cause pubertal growth spurt
89
what does an excess of glucocorticoids lead to
cushings syndrome
90
what are the symptoms of cushings disease
fat pads moon face pendulous abdomen red cheeks striae bruisability thin skin poor muscle development poor wound healing
91
what does an excess in the production of androgens lead to
andreno genital syndrome
92
what are the symptoms of andreno genital syndrome
baidness receding hairline adrenogenic flush small breasts heavy arms and legs enlarged clitoris
93
describe the adrenal medulla
a modified sympathetic ganglion controlled by pre ganglionic sympathetic nerves cells mostly produce adrenaline which augments the action of the sympathetic nervous system
94
what does addrenal insufficiency lead to
addisons disease decreased adrenal function and reduced level of glucocorticoids and mineralcorticoids very serious condition

Human Systems and Anatomy (57 decks)

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