Head and Neck Flashcards
what are the two classes of the bones of the head
cranial bones
facial bones
what are the cranial bones
ethmoid
frontal
occipital
parietal
sphenoid
temperol
how many ethmoid bones
one
how many frontal bones
one
how many occipital bones
one
how many parietal bones
two
how many sphenoid bones
one
how many temperol bones
two
what are the facial bones
lacrimal
maxilla
nasal
inferior concha
palatine
vomer
zygoma
mandible
how many lacrimal bones
two
how many maxilla bones
two
how many nasal bones
two
how many inferior conchae
two
how many palatine bones
two
how many vomer bones
one
how many zygoma bones
two
what are the malar bones
the zygoma bones
how many mandible bones
one
what are the two major functions of the skull
protection of the brain and supporting the facial structure
what are the regions of the cranium
roof and base
what is the neurocranium
the cranium formed by the top part of the skull
what is the roof of the cranium called
the calvarium
what is the calvarium made up of
frontal
parietal
occipital
what bones make up the base of the skull
frontal
ethmoid
sphenoid
occipital
temperol
parietal
what is articulation
the joining point of the cranial bones
what is the viscerocranium
the facial skeleton
how many bones in the facial skeleton
14
where is the frontal bone
the front
where are the parietal bones
the sides above the ear
where is the occipital bone
back of the skull
where are the temperol bones
around and below the ear
what are cranial sutures
dense fibrous joints made of collagen
they allow bones to move over each other during childbirth to make it easier
where is the coronal suture
between the frontal and parietal bones
where is the sagittal suture
between the two parietal bones
where is the lambdoid suture
between the parieral bones and the occipital bone
where is the anterior fontanelle
between the developing two frontal and parietal bones
when does the anterior fontanelle close
between 18 months and two years
where is the posterior fontanelle
between the sagittal and lamdoid sutures
when does the posterior fontanelle close
6-8 weeks or two months
what forms the cranial base
ethmoid bone
frontal bone
occipital bone
sphenoid bone
temperol bone
what is the mastoid process
prominence of the temperol bone behind the ear where the neck muscles attach
contains mastoid air cells and inflammation of these can be due to middle ear infection.
where does the spinal cord appear
at the foramen magnum
what is the petrous
this is where the middle and ear canal is. it is part of the temperol bone
what is the foramen mangum
large hole in skull where the spinal cord communicates with the brain
where does the olfactory nerve enter the brain
through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone
which nerves pass through the internal auditory meatus
vestibulocochlear and facial nerve
is the lacrimal bone thick
no it is one of the thinnest bones
what is the zygomatic bone
this forms the cheek bone of the facial skeleton, and joins with the frontal bone above, the sphenoid deeply, the temperol at the side and the maxilla below and in front of it
what is the function of the zygomatic bones
form a crash impact barrier of the face from primitive and developmental times
why do the bones of the orbit sit more posteriorly at the lateral aspect
to widen the range of vision
what is the top of the skull called
the cranial vault
which bones make up the cranial vault
frontal bone
occipital bone
parietal bone
temperol bone
what does squamous mean
soft
what is the pterion
the weakest point of the skull, as it is where the frontal, sphenoid, temperol and parietal bones join together.
trauma to this point can lead to rupture of the blood vessels deep to that point
which vessels are deep to the pterion
middle meningeal artery and vein
what happens if there is rupture to the middle meningeal artery
begins with a lucid interval of a few minutes to hours, where the patient feels and appears perfectly fine.
as the dura is pressed off the skull, this causes an extra dural haemorrhage where the patient will have reduced consciousness, headaches, nausea and vomiting
describe the roof of the orbit
formed by the frontal bone and the lesser wing of the sphenoid
what separates the orbit from the anterior cranial fossa
the frontal bone
describe the floor of the orbit
formed by the maxilla, palatine and zygomatic bones
the maxilla separates the orbit from the ethmoid sinus
describe the medial wall of the orbit
formed by the ethmoid, maxilla, lacrimal, and sphenoid bones
the ethmoid bone separates the orbit from the ethmoid sinus
describe the lateral wall of the orbit
formed by the zygomatic bone and greater wing of the sphenoid
describe the apex of the orbit
located at the opening of the optical canal, otherwise known as the optic foramen where the optic nerve enters
describe the base of the orbit
opens out into the face, bounded by the eyelids
also known as the orbital rim
what is the infraorbital foramen
a termination of the infraorbital nerve, maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve and a little further back will be the superior alveolar nerves, which is anaesthetised a lot in dentistry
what is the incisive canal
this is where the nasopalatine nerve enters to supply the central and lateral incisors, as well as the canines and the palate
describe the brain blood supply
80% internal carotid
20% vertebral
describe what the external carotid artery supplies
several branches supply the exterior of the head and neck
what are the branches of the external carotid artery
ascending pharyngeal
superior thyroid
lingual
facial
occipital
posterior auricular
superficial temperol
maxillary
what does the ascending pharyngeal artery supply
the pharynx
what does the superior thyroid artery supply
thyroid gland
what does the lingual artery supply
tongue
sublingual salivary gland
gingiva
oral mucosa of the floor of the mouth
what does the facial artery supply
the face
what does the occipital artery supply
muscles of the posterior neck and skull
what does the posterior auricular artery supply
neck muscles
ear structures
external auditory meatus
tympanic cavity
tympanic membrane
semi circular canals
what does the superficial temporal supply
skin and muscles at the side of the face and scalp
parotid gland
temperomandibular joint
what does the common carotid artery arise from
the brachiocephalic trunk on the right side of the body, directly from the arch of the aorta
what does the internal jugular vein do
drains the head and neck including the brain
what does the ansa cervicalis do
supply the infra hyoid muscles
what does the retromandibular vein drain
maxillary and superficial temperol veins at the side of the scalp
what drains the face
the facial vein
describe the venous drainage of the head and neck
the venous drainage mirrors the arterial supply
internal jugular vein drains the cerenrum, the inside of the skull and most of the external structures of the head and neck
external jugular drains some of the external structures
what is the cavernous sinus
paired dural venous sinuses within the skull that is split into septae (small caves, looks like honeycomb)
it is the only part of the body where an artery passes through a venous structure, and is thought of as heat exchange between the warmer arterial blood and slightly cooler venous circulation
where is the cavernous sinus found
within the middle cranial fossa on either side of the sell turcica of the sphenoid bone where the pituitary gland sits
what is CN V1
opthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve that suppiles the upper face
what is CN V2
maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve that supplies the skin over the maxilla, upper teeth.
describe the drainage of the cavernous sinus
opthalmic veins
central vein of retina
superficial cerebral vein
pterygoid plexus
what is cavernous sinus thrombosis
a clot in the structure that is due to an infection which spread from areas like the orbit, paranasal sinuses, or danger zone of the face
what is the danger zone of the face
the bridge of the nose to the corners of the mouth
what are the symptoms of cavernous sinus thrombosis
headache
proptosis
photophobia
cranial nerve palsies
which nerve is the most commonly affected by cavernous sinus thrombosis
abducens
what is proptosis
eye bulging
what does meningitis affect
dura mater
where are the dural venous sinuses found
between the periosteal and meningeal layers of the dura mater
what are the dural venous sinuses
collecting pools of blood which drain the central nervous system, the face and the scalp
what do the dural venous sinuses drain into
internal jugular vein
do the dural venous sinuses have valves
no
where is the cerebrospinal fluid found in the spinal cord
the subarachnoid space
how many venous sinuses are there
eleven
what are the venous sinuses
main veins that drain the brain into the internal jugular vein
label this
why is the nose to the corner of the mouth considered the danger zone
communication of the facial vein and the opthalmic veins with deeper veins, including the cavernous sinuses occurs here
leads to risk of cavernous sinus thrombosis, meningitis and brain abscess
what are pulses
pressure waves in arteries caused by the contraction of the left ventricle that corresponds with the heart beat
why are pulses easily detected on superficial arteries
they pass over a bony prominence
what is the normal heart rate
60-80bpm
where can the facial artery pulse be palpated
mid way along the mandible
where can the temperol pulse be palpated
in front of the temple or anterior to the ear
describe the divisions of the opthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerves
sensory, frontal nerve
the frontal nerve divides into the supratrochlear nerve and supraorbital nerve
what are the divisions of the maxillary trigeminal nerve
sensory, zygomatic nerve
infraorbital nerve
anterior, middle and superior alveolar nerves
describe the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve
a mixed nerve, giving both motor and sensory innervation.
motor to the muscles of mastication
sensory to the auriculotemperol nerve, lingual nerve, buccal nerve and inferior alveolar nerve
branches also supply the mouth and nasal cavity
what does the frankfurt line determine
how the mouth closes and occlusion
what is the frankfurt plane
this is a line that passes from the inferior margin of the left orbit and upper margin of the external auditory meatus
provides the occlusal plane
label this
label this
what are the branches of the external carotid artery
- superior thyroid
- ascending pharyngeal
- lingual
- facial
- occipital
- posterior auricular
- superficial temporal
- maxillary
