Locomotion Flashcards
describe the functions of the skeletal system
- provides our basic shape
- provides support for the body
- allows muscular system to produce movement (locomotion)
- protection of vital organs
what are the two functional parts of the skelton
axial and appendicular
what is included in the axial skeleton
head
neck
trunk
what is included in the appendicular skeleton
limbs
pectoral and pelvic girdle
describe cartilage
avascular, resilient, semirigid connective tissue
in areas for flexibility, and articular cartilage reduces friction
what are the functions of bone
support
protection
mechanical basis
storage
formation of new cells (eg immune cells).
what distinguises compact and spongy bone
amount of solid matter and size of space
describe compact bone
provides strength for weight bearing, in long bones it is found in the middle of the shaft
long bones have elevations
what are the elevations in long bones
ridges, crest, and tubercles
what are the five classifications of bones
long
short
flat
irregular
sesamoid
what is a sesamoid bone
patella in the knee
what are the flat bones like
protective
what are long bones like
tubular
describe short bones
cuboidal shape as, such as tarsus, carpus
what is the metaphysis
the area of growth between the diaphysis and the epiphysis
what is the medulla of the bone
the bone marrow
what are the bone markings
this is where the tendons, ligaments, or fascia are attached
arteries are adjacent to here
what are bone formations
this is the passage of a tendon to improve leverage of the bone
what is the capitulum
rounded protuberance such as on the humerus
what is the condyle
large prominence providing structural support overlying hyaline cartilage such as in the femur
what is the crest of the bone
raised or prominent part of the edge of the bone like in the iliac crest
what is the epicondyle
rounded protuberance at the end of bone, for ligaments, tendons and muscles
what is the facet
the symmetrical synovial lined joints with a fibrous capsule that connects teh articular facets of the vertebrae
what is the foramen
a passage or opening between two cavities in bone, like the foreman magnum at the base of the skull
what is a fossa
shallow depression in bone surface like in the scapula
what is the groove
a narrow channel, depression or furrow such as found in the humerus
what is the head of the bone
this is the tip, like the femoral head
which bone has a line
tibia
what is the malleolus
expanded projection or process at the distal end of the fibula or tibia at the level of the ankle
what is a notch
a depression in a bone which often but not alwyas provides stabilisation to an adjacent articulating bone
what is a protuberance
a body part that bulges outward from a surface
which bone has a spine
scapula
what is a trochanter
tubercle of the femur near its joint with the hip bone
what is the trochlea
anatomical structure resembling a pully, found on the humerus
what is a tubercle
a small rounded projection
what is a tuberosity
a moderate prominence were muscles and connective tissue attach like the tibia
what is movement related to
anatomical position
which elements of the skeletal system are active during general posture
only a few of the back and lower limb muscles
mechanical arrangement means minimal muscular activity
which joints at the most stable
hip and knee joints
which joint is less stable in normal posture
ankle joint
where is red bone marrow found in long bones
top and bottom
what is the sagittal plane
vertical slice of torso from the sagittal suture of the parietal bones to the feet.
what is median plane of hand
cut through the middle finger
what is the median plane of the head
cut through nose
what is the coronal plane
cut from top of the head, perpendicular. divide the person into anterior and posterior
what is transverse plane
horizontal divide in torso
describe superficial
nearer to the surface
intermediate
between a superficial and a deep structure
deep
farther from the surface
medial
nearer to median plane
lateral
further from the median plane
posterior
nearer to the back
inferior
nearer to feet
caudal
near to feet
dorsal
posterior
anterior
nearer to the front
ventral
anterior
distal
farther from the trunk or point of origin
proximal
nearer to the point of origin
superior
nearer to the head
cranial
superior
what is the gait cycle
heel strike
loading response
midstance
terminal stance
preswing
initial and mid swing
terminal swing
which muscles are active in heel strike
gluteus maximus
tibialis anterior
posterior capsule
which muscles are active during loading response
quadriceps femoris
which muscles are active during midstance
triceps surae
which muscles are active during terminal stance
triceps surae
which muscles are active in preswing
deep plantar flexors
flexors of toes
intrinsic foot muscles
rectus femoris
which muscles are active during initial and mid swing
contralateral abductors of hip
iliopsoas and rectus femoris
which muscles are active during terminal swing
hamstrings
tibialis
quadriceps femoris