The Neck Flashcards
what is the neck
the junction between the head and the thorax
what is the superior limit of the neck
the mandible and the base of the skull
what is the inferior limit of the neck
thoracic inlet
what is the thoracic inlet
the superior thoracic aperture.
lies through the first rib, and is higher posteriorly than anteriorly.
major nerves and blood vessels pass through this point
what divides the neck into anterior and posterior portions
the sternocleidomastoid muscle
what is the proximal attachment of the sternocleidomastoid
the mastoid process
what is the distal attachment of the sternocleidomastoid
sternum and clavicle
describe the mastoid process
air cells are present here
process is absent at birth and grows at around age 1, and continues to grow until the first permanent teeth appear at 6 years old
what are the boundaries of the anterior triangle
sternocleidomastoid
midline
lower border of the mandible
what are the boundaries of the posterior triangle
sternocleidomastid
trapezius muscle
middle third of the clavicle
what are the components of the anterior triangle of the neck
muscle
skeletal elements and viscera
glands
nerves
vessels
what are the muscles of the anterior triangle of the neck
mylohyoid
anterior belly of digastric
infrahyoid
what are the strap muscles
the infrahyoid muscles
what are the infrahyoid muscles
sternohyoid
sternothyroid
thyrohyoid
omohyoid
what is the mylohyoid
forms the floor of the mouth like a hammock
arises from the mandible and attaches onto the hyoid bone
raises the hyoid bone and the floor of the mouth
describe the anterior belly of digastric muscle
one of two muscles
arises from the mandible and passes to the mastoid process
pulls down the mandible and raises the hyoid bone
describe the strap muscles
named after where they attach
depress the hyoid bone and the larynx, or pull it down during swallowing and speaking
what is the largest of the laryngeal cartilages
the thyroid cartilage
what are the skeletal elements of the anterior triangle of the neck
thyroid cartilage
cricoid cartilage
hyoid bone
trachea
1 = Hyoid bone
2 = Thyroid cartilage
3 = Cricoid cartilage
C = First tracheal ring (of cartilage)
B = Thyroid gland, right lobe
what are the three single laryngeal cartilages
thyroid
cricoid
epiglottis
what are the three paired laryngeal cartilages
arytenoid
corniculate
cuneiform
what are the glands found in the anterior triangle of the neck
thyroid gland
parathyroid gland
submandibular gland
what encloses the thyroid gland
pre tracheal fascia
what supplies the thyroid gland
superior external carotid artery and inferior thyroid arteries
what anchors the thyroid in place
pre tracheal fascia
what is the clinical test for the thyroid gland
ask the patient to swallow, and when lightly pressing on the neck from behind the patient, this will allow it to be seen if it is enlarged or not
label this
1 = Internal jugular vein
2 = Common carotid artery
3 = Thyroid cartilage
4 = Thyroid gland, left lobe
5 = Levator glandulae thyroidae
6 = Hyoid bone
where is the thyroid gland in regards to the vertebrae
anterior neck between C5 and T1
what does the thyroid gland secrete
T3 and T4
what is the function of thyroid hormones
raise the basal metabolic rate
influence the synthesis of proteins
nerve growth and development
essential for the development of cells in the body
what is the isthmus
narrow piece of tissue between two larger parts of a structure. links the two lobes of the thyroid gland
what links the left and right lobe of the thyroid gland
the isthmus
what is the pyramidal lobe
embryological remnant of where the thyroid gland development from in the floor of the mouth at the foramen caecum of the tongue
descends into the final position at the root of the neck
what is the levator glandulae thyroidae
fibrous remnant left of the pyramidal lobe
how common is it to have more than four parathyroid glands
only 5% of the population
which parathyroid glands are more constant in their position
superior parathyroid glands
what do parathyroid glands secrete
parathyroid hormone to raise the level of blood calcium
where is the parathyroid hormone located
posterior surface of the thyroid gland
flat and oval in shape
where are the superior parathyroid glands found
roughly in the middle of the posteior border of the thyroid lobes
where are the inferior parathyroid glands found
inferior poles of the thyroid gland
how does parathyroid hormone increase blood calcium
increase absorption from the gut
increase absorption from the kidney
increase osteoclast activity to break down bone and release calcium
describe the nerve innervation of the anterior triangle of the neck
vagus
phrenic
hypoglossal
describe the motor function of the vagus nerve
innervate the muscles of the larynx, pharynx and soft palate
describe the parasympathetic innervation from the vagus nerve
smooth muscle of the trachea
bronchi to slow breathing
slow heart rate
increase gut motility
describe the special sensory function of the vagus nerve
innervation for taste sensation in the epiglottis and root of the tongue
describe the general sensory function of the vagus nerve
internal aspect of the larynx and the ear canal
also provides visceral sensory innervation to the heart and abdominal structures
describe the sensory innervation of the phrenic nerve
to the diaphragm, specifically the central tendon and the pericardium, which anchors the heart to the diaphragm
what are the vessels of the anterior triangle of the neck
common carotid
jugular vein
what does the ascending pharyngeal artery supply
the pharynx
what does the superior thyroid artery supply
the thyroid gland, alongside the interior thyroid artery
what does the lingual artery supply
tongue
sublingual salivary gland
gingiva
oral mucosa of the floor of the mouth
what does the occipital artery supply
muscles of the posterior neck and skull
what does the posterior auricular artery supply
neck muscles
ear structures
what ear structures are supplied by the posterior auricular artery
external auditory meatus
tympanic cavity
tympanic membrane
semi circular canals
what does the superficial temporal artery supply
skin and muscles of the side of the face and scalp
parotid gland
temperomandibular joint
what can the contents of the posterior triangle of the neck be divided into
nerves
muscles
vessels
lymph nodes
what are the nerves in the posterior triangle of the neck
accessory nerve
parts of the brachial plexus
cutaneous cervical nerves
what is the function of the accessory nerve
motor supply to the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius
describe the action of the sternocleidomastoid muscle
lateral flexion of the neck when acting on its own
flexion of the neck when acting on both sides
describe the action of the trapezius
upper fibres elevate the scapula and rotate during abduction of the arm
middle fibres pull back the scapula for retraction
lower fibres go inferiorly
describe the location of the trapezius muscle
base of the skull
C7-T12 vertebrae spinous process to the lateral third of the clavicle and scapula
what does the brachial plexus do
motor and sensory innervation to the upper limbs
describe lymph nodes
small oval structures
filter lymph
offer defence against the spread of infection
returned to larger veins
many sites of lymph nodes
describe the function of the superficial lymph nodes
drain the face, neck and scalp
pass to the superficial ring of lymph nodes at the junction of the head and neck
describe the deep lymph nodes
deep cervical lymph nodes. left jugular lymphatic trunk passes to the thoracic duct
what does the right jugular lymphatic trunk pass to
the right subclavian vein
label each of these pictures with the condition they are showing
1 = Cyst
2 = Cancer in lymph node
3 = Goitre
4 = Neck abscess
5 = Dental abscess
6 = Oedema and oxygen supplementation.
what are the nerve roots of the brachial plexus
ventral rami of C5-T1
what is the purpose of the brachial plexus
sensory and motor innervation to the upper limb
what are the terminal branches of the brachial plexus
musculocutaneous, axillary, median, ulnar and radial nerves
when may the brachial plexus be commonly injured
upper roots can be damaged during childbirth while the lower ones can be torn during overstretching ofhte upper limb like from falling from a tree and grabbing onto a branch
what is the nerve supply to the sternocleidomastoid
accessory nerve
what does the sternocleidomastoid do on its own
rotation of the head to the opposite side and superior rotation of the neck
what does joint contraction of the left and right sternocleidomastoid do
flexion of the neck
what is torticollis
excess contraction or shortening of the sternocleidomastoid
why is the phrenic nerve no longer sectioned up for TB
paralysis of the diaphragm resulted in excess secretions in the lung due to poor respiration resulting in pneumonia
what are the two major branches of the common carotid artery
external and internal carotid artery
at what cervical level does the common carotid artery bifurcate
C4/5
why does stenosis occur at the bifurcation of the common carotid artery
excess turbulence occurs here due to the change in the direction of blood hitting against the superior aspect of the split damaging the intimal lining
what does the hypoglossal nerve supply
genioglossus
hypoglossus
styloglossus
when may the hypoglossal nerve be partially sectioned to reinnervate another nerve close by
facial paralysis less than one year old that is not resolving
why are the thyroid gland secretions essential to normal development
normal neural and growth development
what is the arterial supply of the thyroid gland
superior and inferior thyroid arteries
what comprises the strap muscles
sternothyroid
thyrohyoid
omohyoid
sternohyoid
what is the function of the strap muscles
depression of the hyoid bone during swallowing
what is the function of the digastric muscle
open the jaw
where does the submandibular gland open into the oral cavity
opposite the lingual frenulum
what does the vagus nerve supply
pharyngeal musculature and parasympathetic innervation to the heart, lungs, gi tract
what are the main branches of the vagus nerve
superior laryngeal and the recurrent laryngeal nerves
what are the nerve fibre types in the vagus nerve
motor and parasympathetic
label these muscles of the neck
