Rea Cardiovascular System Flashcards
1
Q
what is the lymphatic system
A
network of tissues, vessels and organs that work together to move a colourless, watery fluid called lymph back into your circulatory system
2
Q
what is the circulatory system
A
an organ system transporting oxygen, carbon dioxide and nutrients
3
Q
what is the cardiovascular system
A
heart, blood vessels, blood and the lymphatic system
4
Q
what are blood vessels
A
arteries, veins and capillaries
5
Q
what are the two loops of circulation
A
pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation
6
Q
what is pulmonary circulation
A
this is when there is oxygen depleted blood that passes from the heart to the lungs and is returned as oxygenated blood to heart
7
Q
what is systemic circulation
A
this is circulation in the rest of the body, where oxygen rich blood passes from the heart to the rest of the body. the deoxygenated blood is returned to the rest of the heart
8
Q
what are the two divisions of the mediastinum
A
superior and inferior
9
Q
what are the layers of the heart
A
pericardium, myocardium and endocardium
10
Q
what are the layers of the pericardium
A
fibrous and serous
11
Q
describe the fibrous layer of the pericardium
A
tough outer layer which anchors heart to diaphragm
12
Q
what is the function of the fibrous pericardium
A
prevents rapid overfilling of the heart but can also restrict if there is an accumulation of fluid compressing the heart - especially important in the right side as this reduces cardiac output
13
Q
what is pericardial effusion
A
accumulation of fluid which compresses the heart
14
Q
what is the parietal layer
A
the serous pericardium
15
Q
what are the layers of the serous pericardium
A
outer visceral and inner parietal
16
Q
what is the pericardial space
A
a cavity with a small amount of lubricating serous fluid which reduces friction of the layers during beating of the heart
17
Q
what is the function of the superior vena cava
A
deoxygenated blood from the head and neck and upper limbs
18
Q
what is the function of the inferior vena cava
A
deoxygenated blood from below the level of the heart like the abdomen, pelvis and lower limbs
19
Q
what is the pulmonary trunk
A
the left and right arteries which take blood on to the lungs
20
Q
what is the brachiocephalic trunk
A
the right common carotid artery
21
Q
what does the carotid artery supply
A
the head and neck
22
Q
what are the branches of the aorta above the heart for the head and neck
A
coronary arteries
brachiocephalic trunk
left common carotid artery
left subclavian artery
23
Q
what does the subclavian artery supply
A
upper limb
24
Q
what is the function of the ductus venosus
A
allows blood to bypass the liver to the inferior vena cava
25
what does the ductus venosus become at birth
the ligamentum venosum
26
which proportion of blood supplied to the ductus venosus is maternal
30%
27
what is the function of the forammen ovale
allows blood to flow from the right atrium to the left atrium
28
what does the ductus arteriosus do
links pulmonary trunk to aorta in utero
29
what do the umbilical arteries carry
deoxygenated blood back to the placenta
30
what is the fossa ovalis
remnant of patent fossa ovalis that lets blood flow from right atrium to left atrium
31
what does the superior vena cava drains
head, neck, upper limbs, left and right
32
what does the inferior vena cava drain
everything below the level of the heart (abdomen, pelvis and lower limbs)
33
what are aortic sinuses
dilations just above the aortic valve
34
how many aortic sinuses are there
3
35
which aortic sinuses arise from the left and right coronary arteries
two out of three
36
what is the right atrial appendage
an additional part of the right atrium typically used as the site for an external pacemaker to be positioned
37
what is the crista terminalis
site of origin of the pectinate muscles found at the opening of the right atrial appendage
38
what is the function of musculi pectinati
allow for stretch and improve the volume of the right atrium
39
where does the venous blood from the heart enter the coronary sinus
via the orifice of the sinus
40
how many pulmonary veins are there
2 on the left and 2 on the right
41
what do the pulmonary veins do
carry oxygenated blood to the left atrium
42
which atrium of the heart receives blood from the pulmonary vein
the left atrium
43
where is the crista terminalis located and what is its function
the opening of the right atrial appendage and is the site of origin of the pectinate muscles
44
what is the site of origin of the pectinate muscles
the crista terminalis
45
to what degree is the left ventricle wall thicker than the right
three times
46
why is the left ventricle thicker
as it has to pump blood into the systemic circulation
47
why is the right ventricle smaller and less powerful than the left
it only has to pump blood to the lungs
48
what are some septal defects
- interventricular / interatrial septum
- hole in the heart
- atrial septal defect
- ventricular septal defect
- atrioventricular septal defect
49
describe atrial and ventricular septal defect
these are defects present at birth and are small holes sometimes present at birth and can usually close themselves however if they are larger they can compromise the lungs and heart due to increased blood pressure
50
describe atrioventricular septal defect
requires surgery as it will compromise the patient leading to problems breathing, racing heart, weak pulse, cyanosed and tiring easily
51
which valves are posterior
tricuspid and mitral
52
which valves are anterior
aortic and pulmonary
53
what does lymphatic fluid surround
the heart and blood vessels
54
what is the mediastinum
the part of the chest in the middle, including all the structures bar the lungs.
55
when delivering compressions during cpr, where do the balls of the hands go
the xiphoid process
56
what does the superior mediastinum extend from
the top of the manubrium to the sternal angle
57
what does the thymus do
this sets immune function but forming memory for coughs and colds through t cells and c cells.
58
what is found in the posterior mediastinum
aorta and oesophagus
59
what is the function of the fibrous pericardium
anchors the heart onto the diaphragm
60
describe the five layers of the heart wall from the outside in
fibrous pericardium, parietal, visceral, myocardium and endocardium
61
what can pericarditis affect
movement of the heart
62
what is found between the parietal and visceral pericardium and what is the function of this
serous fluid, to allow smooth movement of parietal over visceral pericardium
63
which aspect of the heart wall is in contact with the blood
the endocardium
64
which ventricle has the deoxygenated blood
right
65
which ventricle has the oxygenated blood
left
66
which ventricle forms the bulk of the heart anterior
right ventricle
67
is the left ventricle located more anterioly
no posterior
68
describe the route blood follows in the fetus
comes in via the umbilical cord through the placenta to go to the heart despite being oxygenated.
69
what is the purpose of the ductus venosus for the fetus
allow blood to bypass the liver, although it does not take all of it, only 40-50% of the blood is taken to bypass the liver.
70
why are there specialisations to prevent entry of blood into the lungs in utero
because the fetus does not breathe in utero
71
what is the specialisation of the heart to prevent blood going to the lungs and how does it work
the foramen ovale, and it works by allowing blood in the right atrium to jump to the left ventricle to go into the systemic circulation
72
when does the foramen ovale shut
when the baby first cries
73
what does the ductus arteriosis do
allows blood to go from the pulmonary trunk to the left atrium into the systemic circulation
74
which vessels supply the heart
the coronary arteries
75
where are coronary arteries found
the surface of the heart within a fatty connective tissue
76
what does the foreman ovale become once the baby cries and it closes
the fossa ovalis
77
what is the orifice of the coronary sinus
this is where the heart's blood is drained to go back through the heart for oxygenation
78
what are the chordate tendinae
heart strings joined on papillary muscle to hold the valves in place when blood pressure in the right ventricle increases in order to prevent backflow of blood
79
what can heart attacks to the heart valves
cause them to burst
80
where is the left atrium on the heart
close to the back of the heart
81
where can holds occur in the hearts of babies
between the atria
between the ventricles
atrioventricular holes
82
what does a hole in the heart lead to
mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood, menaing blood has been mixed and is not going where it should be
83
what is hypertrophy
increased cell size
84
how can larger holes in the heart be healed
endovascular repair (going through the vessels in the groin) or heart surgery
85
how does size of heart holes affect the mixing of blood
the larger the holes, the more mixing of the blood
86
why are the semilunar valves named in this way
they are half moon shaped
87
what makes the pulmonary valves different
they lack chordate tendinae and papillary muscles
88
what is lub
the loud noise produced due to the closure of the atrioventricular valves at the time of the ventricule systole
89
what do the chordinate tendinae and papillary muscles do when the pressure builds up in the left ventricle
they contract and pull down to hold the valves in place
90
what keeps the semilunar valves shut under pressure if they lack the chordinate tendinae and papillary muscles
the backward pressure keeps them shut by gravity
91
what can happen to the blood when a tooth is extracted
air can enter and cause a blood clot
92
what is infarction
death of the tissue and irreversible damage
93
which coronary arteries account for the greatest number of heart attacks
left coronary arteries
94
what is golden hour
the hour in which a heart attack should be treated
95
what does systole do to arterial walls
expands them
96
what are chordae tendinae
heart strings that connect to the papillary muscles and prevent the mitral and tricuspid valves flipped back into the atria during ventricular contraction
97
what is systole
ventricular contraction
98
describe the process of atrioventricular valves opening
- blood returning to the heart fills the atria, putting pressure against the atrioventricular valves, forcing them open
- as the ventricles fill, atrioventricular valve flaps hang limply into the ventricles
- atria contract, forcing additional blood into the ventricles
99
describe the process of the atrioventricular valves closing
- ventricles contract, forcing blood against the atrioventricular valve cusps
- the atrioventricular valves close
- papillary muscles contract and chordae tendinae tighten to prevent the valve flaps from everting into the atria
100
how do semilunar valves open
as the ventricles contract, and the intraventricular pressure rises, blood is pushed up against the semilunar valves, forcing them open
101
how do semilunar valves close
as ventricles relax and intraventricular pressure falls, the blood flows back from the arteries, filling the cusps of semilunar valves and forcing them to close
102
what are the semilunar valves
half moon shaped structures. these are the aortic and pulmonary valves. they do not have chordae tendinae unlike the mitral and tricuspid valves, and they hold the blood here to prevent backflow into the right and left ventricles
103
what is anastomosis
junction of vessels
104
what are end arteries
these only supply oxygenated blood to a specific portion of tissue and they exist in the spleen, liver, intestines, end of digits, ears, nose and penis
105
what does ischaemia result in
collateral circulation
106
what is ischaemia
inadequate blood supply to the heart
107
what is collateral circulation
alternate or back up blood vessels that the body can take over when another artery or vein become blocked or damaged - new blood vessel growth to pass around the area of reduced blood supply
108
what is angina pectoris
this is the chest discomfort experienced when the heart does not receive sufficient blood supply - the chest pain related to CAD
109
what is CAD
coronary artery disease
110
what is myocardial infarction
damage to the heart muscle caused by a loss of blood supply due to blocks in the arteries
111
which branches of the coronary arteries cause infarction
40-50% are the anterior left coronary arteries, 15-20% circumflex coronary arteries and 30-40% right coronary arteries
112
what is the longest vein of the body
saphenous vein
113
which veins are used for a coronary artery bypass graft
internal mammary, saphenous, internal thoracic
114
why may the saphenous vein not be the most preferred vessel to use for a coronary artery bypass graft
it is not an artery
115
what is the pacemaker of the heart
the sinoatrial node
116
what does the moderator band do
this allows for more rapid conduction across to the anterior papillary muscle to help with conduction times
117
what are purkinje fibres
specialised conducting fibres that create a synchronised contraction across the ventricles to maintain regular heart rate
118
how do purkinje fibres compare to cardiac myocytes
they are bigger
119
what is atrial septal defect
incomplete closure of the foramen ovale
120
what causes holes in the heart
when the foramen ovale do not close properly
121
when is the lub sound produced
ventricular systole
122
when is the dup sound produced
atrial systole
123
which sound is harder out of lub and dup
dup
124
which condition makes the heart relevant to dentistry
subacute bacterial endocarditis
125
where does SBE occur
rheumatic or congenitally abnormal valves
126
can SBE affect prosthetic valves
yes
127
what are some organisms that can lead to SBE
streptococcus viridians and staphylococcus aureus
128
what can cause SBE as a result of dentistry
dental abscesses
129
what can SBE lead to
stenosis or regurgitation causing a murmur as a result of valvular vegetations
130
how does SBE lead to valvular vegetations
the bacteria can make the valves become sticky and they do not close properly. vegetations prevent the heart from working - can cause death.
131
what must be used to treat SBE
broad spectrum antibiotics and metronidazole
132
what is atrial fibrillation
rapid, irregular contraction of different parts of the atria
133
what is ventricular fibrillation
rapid, irregular contraction of the ventricles
this is not compatible with systemic or coronary circulation
leads to cardiac arrest
134
which type of cardiac arrest may occur on the dental chair
ventricular fibrillatio
135
what is arrhythmia
when the heart beat is too fast or too slow
136
what maintains arterial blood pressure during diastole
recoil of the arterial walls
137
what regulates the flow of blood through the arteries
the varying diameter of capillaries
138
what are the three histological layers to arteries
tunica intima
tunica media
tunica adventitia
139
what are the three types of artery
elastic
muscular
arterioles
140
what are the elastic arteries
- aorta
- common carotid
- subclavian
- pulmonary arteries
141
what are the muscular arteries
- radial
- femoral
- coronary
- cerebral
142
what are the arterioles
the terminal branches supplying the capillary bed
