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Human Systems and Anatomy > Rea Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Rea Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

what is the lymphatic system

A

network of tissues, vessels and organs that work together to move a colourless, watery fluid called lymph back into your circulatory system

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2
Q

what is the circulatory system

A

an organ system transporting oxygen, carbon dioxide and nutrients

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3
Q

what is the cardiovascular system

A

heart, blood vessels, blood and the lymphatic system

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4
Q

what are blood vessels

A

arteries, veins and capillaries

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5
Q

what are the two loops of circulation

A

pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation

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6
Q

what is pulmonary circulation

A

this is when there is oxygen depleted blood that passes from the heart to the lungs and is returned as oxygenated blood to heart

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7
Q

what is systemic circulation

A

this is circulation in the rest of the body, where oxygen rich blood passes from the heart to the rest of the body. the deoxygenated blood is returned to the rest of the heart

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8
Q

what are the two divisions of the mediastinum

A

superior and inferior

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9
Q

what are the layers of the heart

A

pericardium, myocardium and endocardium

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10
Q

what are the layers of the pericardium

A

fibrous and serous

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11
Q

describe the fibrous layer of the pericardium

A

tough outer layer which anchors heart to diaphragm

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12
Q

what is the function of the fibrous pericardium

A

prevents rapid overfilling of the heart but can also restrict if there is an accumulation of fluid compressing the heart - especially important in the right side as this reduces cardiac output

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13
Q

what is pericardial effusion

A

accumulation of fluid which compresses the heart

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14
Q

what is the parietal layer

A

the serous pericardium

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15
Q

what are the layers of the serous pericardium

A

outer visceral and inner parietal

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16
Q

what is the pericardial space

A

a cavity with a small amount of lubricating serous fluid which reduces friction of the layers during beating of the heart

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17
Q

what is the function of the superior vena cava

A

deoxygenated blood from the head and neck and upper limbs

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18
Q

what is the function of the inferior vena cava

A

deoxygenated blood from below the level of the heart like the abdomen, pelvis and lower limbs

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19
Q

what is the pulmonary trunk

A

the left and right arteries which take blood on to the lungs

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20
Q

what is the brachiocephalic trunk

A

the right common carotid artery

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21
Q

what does the carotid artery supply

A

the head and neck

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22
Q

what are the branches of the aorta above the heart for the head and neck

A

coronary arteries
brachiocephalic trunk
left common carotid artery
left subclavian artery

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23
Q

what does the subclavian artery supply

A

upper limb

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24
Q

what is the function of the ductus venosus

A

allows blood to bypass the liver to the inferior vena cava

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25
Q

what does the ductus venosus become at birth

A

the ligamentum venosum

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26
Q

which proportion of blood supplied to the ductus venosus is maternal

A

30%

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27
Q

what is the function of the forammen ovale

A

allows blood to flow from the right atrium to the left atrium

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28
Q

what does the ductus arteriosus do

A

links pulmonary trunk to aorta in utero

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29
Q

what do the umbilical arteries carry

A

deoxygenated blood back to the placenta

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30
Q

what is the fossa ovalis

A

remnant of patent fossa ovalis that lets blood flow from right atrium to left atrium

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31
Q

what does the superior vena cava drains

A

head, neck, upper limbs, left and right

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32
Q

what does the inferior vena cava drain

A

everything below the level of the heart (abdomen, pelvis and lower limbs)

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33
Q

what are aortic sinuses

A

dilations just above the aortic valve

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34
Q

how many aortic sinuses are there

A

3

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35
Q

which aortic sinuses arise from the left and right coronary arteries

A

two out of three

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36
Q

what is the right atrial appendage

A

an additional part of the right atrium typically used as the site for an external pacemaker to be positioned

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37
Q

what is the crista terminalis

A

site of origin of the pectinate muscles found at the opening of the right atrial appendage

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38
Q

what is the function of musculi pectinati

A

allow for stretch and improve the volume of the right atrium

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39
Q

where does the venous blood from the heart enter the coronary sinus

A

via the orifice of the sinus

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40
Q

how many pulmonary veins are there

A

2 on the left and 2 on the right

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41
Q

what do the pulmonary veins do

A

carry oxygenated blood to the left atrium

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42
Q

which atrium of the heart receives blood from the pulmonary vein

A

the left atrium

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43
Q

where is the crista terminalis located and what is its function

A

the opening of the right atrial appendage and is the site of origin of the pectinate muscles

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44
Q

what is the site of origin of the pectinate muscles

A

the crista terminalis

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45
Q

to what degree is the left ventricle wall thicker than the right

A

three times

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46
Q

why is the left ventricle thicker

A

as it has to pump blood into the systemic circulation

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47
Q

why is the right ventricle smaller and less powerful than the left

A

it only has to pump blood to the lungs

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48
Q

what are some septal defects

A
  • interventricular / interatrial septum
  • hole in the heart
  • atrial septal defect
  • ventricular septal defect
  • atrioventricular septal defect
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49
Q

describe atrial and ventricular septal defect

A

these are defects present at birth and are small holes sometimes present at birth and can usually close themselves however if they are larger they can compromise the lungs and heart due to increased blood pressure

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50
Q

describe atrioventricular septal defect

A

requires surgery as it will compromise the patient leading to problems breathing, racing heart, weak pulse, cyanosed and tiring easily

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51
Q

which valves are posterior

A

tricuspid and mitral

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52
Q

which valves are anterior

A

aortic and pulmonary

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53
Q

what does lymphatic fluid surround

A

the heart and blood vessels

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54
Q

what is the mediastinum

A

the part of the chest in the middle, including all the structures bar the lungs.

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55
Q

when delivering compressions during cpr, where do the balls of the hands go

A

the xiphoid process

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56
Q

what does the superior mediastinum extend from

A

the top of the manubrium to the sternal angle

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57
Q

what does the thymus do

A

this sets immune function but forming memory for coughs and colds through t cells and c cells.

58
Q

what is found in the posterior mediastinum

A

aorta and oesophagus

59
Q

what is the function of the fibrous pericardium

A

anchors the heart onto the diaphragm

60
Q

describe the five layers of the heart wall from the outside in

A

fibrous pericardium, parietal, visceral, myocardium and endocardium

61
Q

what can pericarditis affect

A

movement of the heart

62
Q

what is found between the parietal and visceral pericardium and what is the function of this

A

serous fluid, to allow smooth movement of parietal over visceral pericardium

63
Q

which aspect of the heart wall is in contact with the blood

A

the endocardium

64
Q

which ventricle has the deoxygenated blood

A

right

65
Q

which ventricle has the oxygenated blood

A

left

66
Q

which ventricle forms the bulk of the heart anterior

A

right ventricle

67
Q

is the left ventricle located more anterioly

A

no posterior

68
Q

describe the route blood follows in the fetus

A

comes in via the umbilical cord through the placenta to go to the heart despite being oxygenated.

69
Q

what is the purpose of the ductus venosus for the fetus

A

allow blood to bypass the liver, although it does not take all of it, only 40-50% of the blood is taken to bypass the liver.

70
Q

why are there specialisations to prevent entry of blood into the lungs in utero

A

because the fetus does not breathe in utero

71
Q

what is the specialisation of the heart to prevent blood going to the lungs and how does it work

A

the foramen ovale, and it works by allowing blood in the right atrium to jump to the left ventricle to go into the systemic circulation

72
Q

when does the foramen ovale shut

A

when the baby first cries

73
Q

what does the ductus arteriosis do

A

allows blood to go from the pulmonary trunk to the left atrium into the systemic circulation

74
Q

which vessels supply the heart

A

the coronary arteries

75
Q

where are coronary arteries found

A

the surface of the heart within a fatty connective tissue

76
Q

what does the foreman ovale become once the baby cries and it closes

A

the fossa ovalis

77
Q

what is the orifice of the coronary sinus

A

this is where the heart’s blood is drained to go back through the heart for oxygenation

78
Q

what are the chordate tendinae

A

heart strings joined on papillary muscle to hold the valves in place when blood pressure in the right ventricle increases in order to prevent backflow of blood

79
Q

what can heart attacks to the heart valves

A

cause them to burst

80
Q

where is the left atrium on the heart

A

close to the back of the heart

81
Q

where can holds occur in the hearts of babies

A

between the atria
between the ventricles
atrioventricular holes

82
Q

what does a hole in the heart lead to

A

mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood, menaing blood has been mixed and is not going where it should be

83
Q

what is hypertrophy

A

increased cell size

84
Q

how can larger holes in the heart be healed

A

endovascular repair (going through the vessels in the groin) or heart surgery

85
Q

how does size of heart holes affect the mixing of blood

A

the larger the holes, the more mixing of the blood

86
Q

why are the semilunar valves named in this way

A

they are half moon shaped

87
Q

what makes the pulmonary valves different

A

they lack chordate tendinae and papillary muscles

88
Q

what is lub

A

the loud noise produced due to the closure of the atrioventricular valves at the time of the ventricule systole

89
Q

what do the chordinate tendinae and papillary muscles do when the pressure builds up in the left ventricle

A

they contract and pull down to hold the valves in place

90
Q

what keeps the semilunar valves shut under pressure if they lack the chordinate tendinae and papillary muscles

A

the backward pressure keeps them shut by gravity

91
Q

what can happen to the blood when a tooth is extracted

A

air can enter and cause a blood clot

92
Q

what is infarction

A

death of the tissue and irreversible damage

93
Q

which coronary arteries account for the greatest number of heart attacks

A

left coronary arteries

94
Q

what is golden hour

A

the hour in which a heart attack should be treated

95
Q

what does systole do to arterial walls

A

expands them

96
Q

what are chordae tendinae

A

heart strings that connect to the papillary muscles and prevent the mitral and tricuspid valves flipped back into the atria during ventricular contraction

97
Q

what is systole

A

ventricular contraction

98
Q

describe the process of atrioventricular valves opening

A
  • blood returning to the heart fills the atria, putting pressure against the atrioventricular valves, forcing them open
  • as the ventricles fill, atrioventricular valve flaps hang limply into the ventricles
  • atria contract, forcing additional blood into the ventricles
99
Q

describe the process of the atrioventricular valves closing

A
  • ventricles contract, forcing blood against the atrioventricular valve cusps
  • the atrioventricular valves close
  • papillary muscles contract and chordae tendinae tighten to prevent the valve flaps from everting into the atria
100
Q

how do semilunar valves open

A

as the ventricles contract, and the intraventricular pressure rises, blood is pushed up against the semilunar valves, forcing them open

101
Q

how do semilunar valves close

A

as ventricles relax and intraventricular pressure falls, the blood flows back from the arteries, filling the cusps of semilunar valves and forcing them to close

102
Q

what are the semilunar valves

A

half moon shaped structures. these are the aortic and pulmonary valves. they do not have chordae tendinae unlike the mitral and tricuspid valves, and they hold the blood here to prevent backflow into the right and left ventricles

103
Q

what is anastomosis

A

junction of vessels

104
Q

what are end arteries

A

these only supply oxygenated blood to a specific portion of tissue and they exist in the spleen, liver, intestines, end of digits, ears, nose and penis

105
Q

what does ischaemia result in

A

collateral circulation

106
Q

what is ischaemia

A

inadequate blood supply to the heart

107
Q

what is collateral circulation

A

alternate or back up blood vessels that the body can take over when another artery or vein become blocked or damaged - new blood vessel growth to pass around the area of reduced blood supply

108
Q

what is angina pectoris

A

this is the chest discomfort experienced when the heart does not receive sufficient blood supply - the chest pain related to CAD

109
Q

what is CAD

A

coronary artery disease

110
Q

what is myocardial infarction

A

damage to the heart muscle caused by a loss of blood supply due to blocks in the arteries

111
Q

which branches of the coronary arteries cause infarction

A

40-50% are the anterior left coronary arteries, 15-20% circumflex coronary arteries and 30-40% right coronary arteries

112
Q

what is the longest vein of the body

A

saphenous vein

113
Q

which veins are used for a coronary artery bypass graft

A

internal mammary, saphenous, internal thoracic

114
Q

why may the saphenous vein not be the most preferred vessel to use for a coronary artery bypass graft

A

it is not an artery

115
Q

what is the pacemaker of the heart

A

the sinoatrial node

116
Q

what does the moderator band do

A

this allows for more rapid conduction across to the anterior papillary muscle to help with conduction times

117
Q

what are purkinje fibres

A

specialised conducting fibres that create a synchronised contraction across the ventricles to maintain regular heart rate

118
Q

how do purkinje fibres compare to cardiac myocytes

A

they are bigger

119
Q

what is atrial septal defect

A

incomplete closure of the foramen ovale

120
Q

what causes holes in the heart

A

when the foramen ovale do not close properly

121
Q

when is the lub sound produced

A

ventricular systole

122
Q

when is the dup sound produced

A

atrial systole

123
Q

which sound is harder out of lub and dup

A

dup

124
Q

which condition makes the heart relevant to dentistry

A

subacute bacterial endocarditis

125
Q

where does SBE occur

A

rheumatic or congenitally abnormal valves

126
Q

can SBE affect prosthetic valves

A

yes

127
Q

what are some organisms that can lead to SBE

A

streptococcus viridians and staphylococcus aureus

128
Q

what can cause SBE as a result of dentistry

A

dental abscesses

129
Q

what can SBE lead to

A

stenosis or regurgitation causing a murmur as a result of valvular vegetations

130
Q

how does SBE lead to valvular vegetations

A

the bacteria can make the valves become sticky and they do not close properly. vegetations prevent the heart from working - can cause death.

131
Q

what must be used to treat SBE

A

broad spectrum antibiotics and metronidazole

132
Q

what is atrial fibrillation

A

rapid, irregular contraction of different parts of the atria

133
Q

what is ventricular fibrillation

A

rapid, irregular contraction of the ventricles
this is not compatible with systemic or coronary circulation
leads to cardiac arrest

134
Q

which type of cardiac arrest may occur on the dental chair

A

ventricular fibrillatio

135
Q

what is arrhythmia

A

when the heart beat is too fast or too slow

136
Q

what maintains arterial blood pressure during diastole

A

recoil of the arterial walls

137
Q

what regulates the flow of blood through the arteries

A

the varying diameter of capillaries

138
Q

what are the three histological layers to arteries

A

tunica intima
tunica media
tunica adventitia

139
Q

what are the three types of artery

A

elastic
muscular
arterioles

140
Q

what are the elastic arteries

A
  • aorta
  • common carotid
  • subclavian
  • pulmonary arteries
141
Q

what are the muscular arteries

A
  • radial
  • femoral
  • coronary
  • cerebral
142
Q

what are the arterioles

A

the terminal branches supplying the capillary bed

Human Systems and Anatomy (57 decks)

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