Kidney Structure and Function

Question 1

what are the main diseases that have close associations with oral health

Answer 1

• cardiovascular disease
• rheumatoid arthritis
• respiratory diseases
• metabolic disease
• kidney disease

Question 2

what is the main understanding of why the oral health can impact the general health of a person

Answer 2

inflammation from an infection in the mouth can contribute to the overall inflammatory burden in the body, and this is where the problems arise.

Question 3

what are the kidneys

Answer 3

excretory organs that process blood and rid the body of the waste products of metabolism via urine

Question 4

how do kidneys maintain blood pressure

Answer 4

by controlling the fluid and electrolyte homeostasis

Question 5

what is the centre of all kidney functions

Answer 5

fluid homeostasis

Question 6

what are the main functions of the kidney

Answer 6

• control blood pressure
• regulate acid base composition
• vitamin D metabolism to convert it into an active form the body can use

Question 7

describe the gross anatomy of the urinary system

Answer 7

• two kidneys produce urine
• ureters convey the urine
• bladder stores the urine
• urethra voids urine

Question 8

what is the hilum of the kidney

Answer 8

this is the indentation on their medial side where all the connected structure are found

Question 9

describe the kidneys location

Answer 9

posterior abdomen, retroperitoneal
encased by the renal fat pad

Question 10

label this

Answer 10

Question 11

what are the three distinct parts of the kidney

Answer 11

• cortex
• medulla
• pelvis

Question 12

describe the cortex of the kidney

Answer 12

this is where 85% of all kidney tubules are found
outer part

Question 13

describe the medulla of the kidney

Answer 13

this is the site where urine is concentrated, and it prevents excessive water loss
found underneath the cortex

Question 14

describe the pelvis of the kidney

Answer 14

this is the collection area for urine which is funnelled into the ureter

Question 15

what encases the kidneys

Answer 15

dense irregular fibrous capsule

Question 16

describe the vasculature of the kidney

Answer 16

a highly vascular organ, renal artery delivers blood directly from the abdominal aorta

Question 17

how many litres of blood are filtered per minute in the kidneys

Answer 17

1.2 litres

Question 18

how much of cardiac output goes to the kidneys for filtration

Answer 18

one fifth

Question 19

describe the vascular hierarchy of the kidneys

Answer 19

renal artery
segmental arteries
lobar arteries
interlobar arteries
arcuate arteries
interlobular arteries

Question 20

describe the vascular anatomy at the level of arterioles and capillaries in the kidneys

Answer 20

interlobular arteries
afferent arterioles
glomerular capillaries
efferent arterioles
peritubular capillaries
interlobular veins

Question 21

what occurs at the peritubular capillaries

Answer 21

this is the site of oxygena nd nutrient delivery to the kidney

Question 22

what are the two capillary beds of the kidneys

Answer 22

peritubular capillaries for blood delivery
glomerular capillaries for blood filtration

Question 23

where is filtration in the kidneys

Answer 23

at the glomerular capillaries

Question 24

what surrounds the glomerulus

Answer 24

bowmans capsule

Question 25

what is the basic functional unit of the kidney

Answer 25

the nephron

Question 26

what are nephrons

Answer 26

structures optimally evolved to filter blood plasma and excrete waste products of metabolism in urine

Question 27

what are the two kinds of nephrons in the kidneys

Answer 27

cortical nephrons juxtamedullary nephrons

Question 28

describe cortical nephrons

Answer 28

located in the cortex, with a short loop of henle that only just extends into the medulla most of the nephron is in the cortex

Question 29

describe juxtamedullary nephrons

Answer 29

these are next to the medulla, and the loops of henle are very long which is important for concentrating urine and conserving water in the body

Question 30

describe the features of nephrons

Answer 30

glomerulus bowmans capsule proximal convoluted tubule loop of henle distal convoluted tubule collecting duct

Question 31

what is involved in the renal corpuslce

Answer 31

glomerulus and bowman's capsule involved in filtration and removal

Question 32

describe the renal tubule

Answer 32

this is the proximal through to the distal tubule, involved in reabsorption and secretion

Question 33

what happens in renal tubules

Answer 33

this is where fine tuning occurs so the body can get rid of what it doesnt want in the blood

Question 34

what is the glomerulus

Answer 34

a capillary bed that branches from the afferent arteriole and comes back together to form the efferent arteriole a network of very fine, fenestrated capillaries that enables the rapid filtration of blood plasma

Question 35

why do glomerular capillaries need to be fenestrated

Answer 35

to make them leaky and allow for filtration of molecules and fluid from the blood into the nephron

Question 36

describe bowman's capsule

Answer 36

a cuplike structure surrounding the glomerulus

Question 37

what are the layers to bowman's capsule

Answer 37

parietal, outer layer made of simple squamous visceral, inner layer, comprised of podocytes

Question 38

what are podocytes

Answer 38

epithelial cells with foot like processes that wrap around the capillaries

Question 39

what forms the filtration barrier

Answer 39

glomerular endothelium basement membrane pedicels

Question 40

what are pedicels

Answer 40

processes from the podocytes

Question 41

what do pedicels wrap around

Answer 41

the glomerular capillaries

Question 42

what do pedicels share the basement membrane with

Answer 42

fenestrated endothelium

Question 43

describe the permeability of the filtration barrier

Answer 43

freely permeable to water and small molecules but not large proteins or cells

Question 44

what provides the barrier that determines which molecules are filtered

Answer 44

size and charge of filtration slits

Question 45

what is the first step in blood processing

Answer 45

glomerular filtration

Question 46

describe the stages to glomerular filtration

Answer 46

1 - unfiltered blood arrives at the glomerulus via the afferent arteriole 2 - blood components are filtered through the filtration barrier 3 - filtered blood exits the glomerulus via the efferent arteriole

Question 47

what facilitates the glomerular filtration

Answer 47

hydrostatic pressure

Question 48

why does blood arrive faster than it can leave

Answer 48

the afferent arterioles have a larger diameter than the efferent arterioles

Question 49

what can be freely filtered in the glomerulus

Answer 49

- water - glucose - amino acids - urea - creatinine - sodium - chloride - calcium - phosphate - potassium - bicarbonate

Question 50

what is creatinine

Answer 50

a waste product of muscle metabolism that is freely filtered across the barrier

Question 51

what is not filtered out of the blood at the glomerulus

Answer 51

cells large proteins like haemoglobin negatively charged proteins like albumin

Question 52

what is the glomerular filtration rate

Answer 52

the rate at which blood is filtered through the glomerulus into the bowman's capsule

Question 53

what are the main pressures involved in glomerular filtration rate

Answer 53

glomeruluar hydrostatic pressure hydrostatic pressure in the bowman's capsule glomerular osmotic pressure

Question 54

what counteracts the glomerular hydrostatic pressure

Answer 54

as fluid is pushed from capillaries into bowman's space, it fills with fluid and this counteracts it

Question 55

what can influence the glomerular filtration rate

Answer 55

hydrostatic pressure osmotic pressure systemic blood pressure renin angiotensin system disease

Question 56

what is the normal, healthy glomerular filtration rate

Answer 56

125 ml a minute

Question 57

what is kidney function equal to

Answer 57

the glomerular filtration rate

Question 58

what does a reduced glomerular filtration rate cause

Answer 58

inefficient blood clearance and waste removal

Question 59

what measurements are used to estimate the glomerular filtration rate

Answer 59

serume creatinine and urea in the urine

Question 60

what happens to the glomerular filtration rate as the stages of kidney disease progess

Answer 60

it decreases

Question 61

how long does it take for kidney issues to manifest into systems

Answer 61

stage three when there has been a loss of more than half of kidney function

Question 62

how many litres of blood are filtered a day

Answer 62

180