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Human Systems and Anatomy > Kidney Structure and Function > Flashcards

Kidney Structure and Function Flashcards

1
Q

what are the main diseases that have close associations with oral health

A
  • cardiovascular disease
  • rheumatoid arthritis
  • respiratory diseases
  • metabolic disease
  • kidney disease
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2
Q

what is the main understanding of why the oral health can impact the general health of a person

A

inflammation from an infection in the mouth can contribute to the overall inflammatory burden in the body, and this is where the problems arise.

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3
Q

what are the kidneys

A

excretory organs that process blood and rid the body of the waste products of metabolism via urine

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4
Q

how do kidneys maintain blood pressure

A

by controlling the fluid and electrolyte homeostasis

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5
Q

what is the centre of all kidney functions

A

fluid homeostasis

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6
Q

what are the main functions of the kidney

A
  • control blood pressure
  • regulate acid base composition
  • vitamin D metabolism to convert it into an active form the body can use
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7
Q

describe the gross anatomy of the urinary system

A
  • two kidneys produce urine
  • ureters convey the urine
  • bladder stores the urine
  • urethra voids urine
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8
Q

what is the hilum of the kidney

A

this is the indentation on their medial side where all the connected structure are found

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9
Q

describe the kidneys location

A

posterior abdomen, retroperitoneal
encased by the renal fat pad

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10
Q

label this

A
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11
Q

what are the three distinct parts of the kidney

A
  • cortex
  • medulla
  • pelvis
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12
Q

describe the cortex of the kidney

A

this is where 85% of all kidney tubules are found
outer part

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13
Q

describe the medulla of the kidney

A

this is the site where urine is concentrated, and it prevents excessive water loss
found underneath the cortex

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14
Q

describe the pelvis of the kidney

A

this is the collection area for urine which is funnelled into the ureter

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15
Q

what encases the kidneys

A

dense irregular fibrous capsule

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16
Q

describe the vasculature of the kidney

A

a highly vascular organ, renal artery delivers blood directly from the abdominal aorta

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17
Q

how many litres of blood are filtered per minute in the kidneys

A

1.2 litres

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18
Q

how much of cardiac output goes to the kidneys for filtration

A

one fifth

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19
Q

describe the vascular hierarchy of the kidneys

A

renal artery
segmental arteries
lobar arteries
interlobar arteries
arcuate arteries
interlobular arteries

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20
Q

describe the vascular anatomy at the level of arterioles and capillaries in the kidneys

A

interlobular arteries
afferent arterioles
glomerular capillaries
efferent arterioles
peritubular capillaries
interlobular veins

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21
Q

what occurs at the peritubular capillaries

A

this is the site of oxygena nd nutrient delivery to the kidney

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22
Q

what are the two capillary beds of the kidneys

A

peritubular capillaries for blood delivery
glomerular capillaries for blood filtration

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23
Q

where is filtration in the kidneys

A

at the glomerular capillaries

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24
Q

what surrounds the glomerulus

A

bowmans capsule

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25
Q

what is the basic functional unit of the kidney

A

the nephron

26
Q

what are nephrons

A

structures optimally evolved to filter blood plasma and excrete waste products of metabolism in urine

27
Q

what are the two kinds of nephrons in the kidneys

A

cortical nephrons
juxtamedullary nephrons

28
Q

describe cortical nephrons

A

located in the cortex, with a short loop of henle that only just extends into the medulla
most of the nephron is in the cortex

29
Q

describe juxtamedullary nephrons

A

these are next to the medulla, and the loops of henle are very long which is important for concentrating urine and conserving water in the body

30
Q

describe the features of nephrons

A

glomerulus
bowmans capsule
proximal convoluted tubule
loop of henle
distal convoluted tubule
collecting duct

31
Q

what is involved in the renal corpuslce

A

glomerulus and bowman’s capsule
involved in filtration and removal

32
Q

describe the renal tubule

A

this is the proximal through to the distal tubule, involved in reabsorption and secretion

33
Q

what happens in renal tubules

A

this is where fine tuning occurs so the body can get rid of what it doesnt want in the blood

34
Q

what is the glomerulus

A

a capillary bed that branches from the afferent arteriole and comes back together to form the efferent arteriole
a network of very fine, fenestrated capillaries that enables the rapid filtration of blood plasma

35
Q

why do glomerular capillaries need to be fenestrated

A

to make them leaky and allow for filtration of molecules and fluid from the blood into the nephron

36
Q

describe bowman’s capsule

A

a cuplike structure surrounding the glomerulus

37
Q

what are the layers to bowman’s capsule

A

parietal, outer layer made of simple squamous
visceral, inner layer, comprised of podocytes

38
Q

what are podocytes

A

epithelial cells with foot like processes that wrap around the capillaries

39
Q

what forms the filtration barrier

A

glomerular endothelium
basement membrane
pedicels

40
Q

what are pedicels

A

processes from the podocytes

41
Q

what do pedicels wrap around

A

the glomerular capillaries

42
Q

what do pedicels share the basement membrane with

A

fenestrated endothelium

43
Q

describe the permeability of the filtration barrier

A

freely permeable to water and small molecules but not large proteins or cells

44
Q

what provides the barrier that determines which molecules are filtered

A

size and charge of filtration slits

45
Q

what is the first step in blood processing

A

glomerular filtration

46
Q

describe the stages to glomerular filtration

A

1 - unfiltered blood arrives at the glomerulus via the afferent arteriole
2 - blood components are filtered through the filtration barrier
3 - filtered blood exits the glomerulus via the efferent arteriole

47
Q

what facilitates the glomerular filtration

A

hydrostatic pressure

48
Q

why does blood arrive faster than it can leave

A

the afferent arterioles have a larger diameter than the efferent arterioles

49
Q

what can be freely filtered in the glomerulus

A
  • water
  • glucose
  • amino acids
  • urea
  • creatinine
  • sodium
  • chloride
  • calcium
  • phosphate
  • potassium
  • bicarbonate
50
Q

what is creatinine

A

a waste product of muscle metabolism that is freely filtered across the barrier

51
Q

what is not filtered out of the blood at the glomerulus

A

cells
large proteins like haemoglobin
negatively charged proteins like albumin

52
Q

what is the glomerular filtration rate

A

the rate at which blood is filtered through the glomerulus into the bowman’s capsule

53
Q

what are the main pressures involved in glomerular filtration rate

A

glomeruluar hydrostatic pressure
hydrostatic pressure in the bowman’s capsule
glomerular osmotic pressure

54
Q

what counteracts the glomerular hydrostatic pressure

A

as fluid is pushed from capillaries into bowman’s space, it fills with fluid and this counteracts it

55
Q

what can influence the glomerular filtration rate

A

hydrostatic pressure
osmotic pressure
systemic blood pressure
renin angiotensin system
disease

56
Q

what is the normal, healthy glomerular filtration rate

A

125 ml a minute

57
Q

what is kidney function equal to

A

the glomerular filtration rate

58
Q

what does a reduced glomerular filtration rate cause

A

inefficient blood clearance and waste removal

59
Q

what measurements are used to estimate the glomerular filtration rate

A

serume creatinine and urea in the urine

60
Q

what happens to the glomerular filtration rate as the stages of kidney disease progess

A

it decreases

61
Q

how long does it take for kidney issues to manifest into systems

A

stage three when there has been a loss of more than half of kidney function

62
Q

how many litres of blood are filtered a day

A

180

Human Systems and Anatomy (57 decks)

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