Anatomy Lab practicals Flashcards
what comprises the pharygeal plexus
the vagus and the glossopharyngeal nerve
what fibres are present in the nerves that comprise the pharyngeal plexus
the vagus is sensory fibres and the glossopharyngeal is motor fibres
what vessels are closely related to the pharyngeal plexus
the common carotid artery and the internal jugular veins
how do the pharyngeal constrictors differ in their muscular arrangement compared to the rest of the gastrointestinal tract
they have inner longitudinal and outer circular, rather than the other way around
what role do the pharyngeal constrictors perform
contraction of the pharynx
how would you test if the nerve supply of the pharyngeal constrictors was damaged
ask the patient to say ahhh because the same nerves supply the uvula
what is the benefit of the type of epithlium found on the oesophagus upper
allows for repeated trauma without any damage to the underlying structures
what is the type of epithelium found on the oesophagus
stratified squamous non keratinising epithelium
what is found in the submucosa of the oesophagus
mucosal glands
describe the muscle layers in the muscularis externa of the oesophagus as you move through this structure from superior to inferior
striated muscle in the upper third which transitions to smooth in its lower third
what are the anatomical regions of the stomach
body, cardia, fundus and pyloric
what attaches to the greater curvature of the stomach
the greater omentum which is a yellow fatty tissue
what is contained in the greater omentum attached the greater curvature of the stomach
lymphatics, adipose tissue, nerves, and blood vessels
what is the role of the greater omentum
encases infection to provide immunity
what forms the lower oesophageal sphincter
the diaphragm
how does the type of muscle vary throughout the length of the oesophagus
skeletal muscle at the top, mixed in the middle, smooth at the inferior
what is the nerve supply of the diaphragm
phrenic nerves
what is the function of the temporalis muscle
elevation and retraction of the mandible
what is the nerve supply of the temporalis
deep temporal branches of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve
what is the function of the buccinator muscle
maintains food in the middle of the oral cavity
what is the nerve supply of the buccinator muscle
the buccal branch of the facial nerve
what is a common pathology that may result in the buccinator not functioning and what are the functional consequences for the patient
strokes, can lead to drooling as the patient is not able to maintain food in the middle of the oral cavity
what are the origins and insertions of the masseter muscle
zygomatic arch and the maxillary process of the zygomatic bone. inserts onto the angle and lateral surface of the ramus of the mandible
what is the function of masseter muscle
elevation and protrusion of the mandible
what is the nerve supply of the masseter
mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve
what would you clinically test the integrity of the masseter
get the patient to clench their teeth; should feel the bulk and power of the muscle
how do the secretions of the parotid gland produce enter the oral cavity
they pass through the buccinator to open opposite the upper second molar
what nerve passes through the parotid gland
facial nerve
what type of secretions does the parotid produce
serous
what are the anatomical boundaries of the nasopharynx
the base of the skull and the soft palate
what types of lymphoid tissue are closely related to the opening of the auditory tube
tubal and pharyngeal tonsils
what does the auditory tube communicate with and why is this such a problematic site in children
the middle ear - it is shorter and straighter in children whcih makes easier access for ascending infections
what are the folds on the inner lining of the stomach called
rugae
what are the differences in cell types in the different regions of the stomach
cardia - mucous
body - parietal
pylorus - mucous
what is the material called when it is churned up in the stomach
chyme
what are the divisions of the gut
foregut midgut and hindgut
in which division of the gut is the stomach found
the foregut
what cell types exist in the gastric lining and what are their functions
mucous secreting cells to reduce friction
what is dysphagia
difficulty swallowing - a symptom of achalasia
what is achalasia
parts of the oesophagus are non constricting
how can achalasia be treated
balloon dilation or treatment of the underlying pathogen like a cancerous growth
what cells found may be found in meckel’s diverticulum
gastric, pancreatic or colonic mucosa
what is peritontisi and why may meckels diverticulum cause it
inflammation of the peritoneume, and if there are parietal cells producing hydrochloric cells producing this can damage the ileal mucosa
what is the duct called that comes from the gall bladder
the cystic ducts
what is bile
water, cholesterol, phospholipids, and bicarbonate
what is a gall stone
crystalline bodies usually formed from the cholesterol
what are the functional regions of the pancreas
exocrine and endocrine
what forms the bulk of the pancreas
exocrine
what is the most common pathology to affect the pancreas
diabetes mellitus
what is the blood supply to the pancreas
superior and inferior pancreaticodudodenal and the splenic arteries
what does the blood in the hepatic vein arise from
stomach
gastrointestinal tract
spleen
which vessels unite to form the hepatic portal vein
splenic and superior mesenteric
where do anastosomes occur in the body
oesophagus and the stomach
what is hypertension
increasing pressure in the liver
what division of the gut does the coeliac trunk supply
the foregut
what division of the gut does the superior mesenteric artery
the midgut
where do the coeliac trunk and the superior mesenteric artery originate from
the aorta
what are the lobes of the liver
left lobe
right lobe
caudate lobe
quadrate lobe
what is the function of the liver
protein synthesis
coagulation
bile production
deactivation of drugs
what are the loops of the small intestine
duodenum
jejunum
ileum
where does bile produced in the liver open into the intestinal tract
through the sphincter of oddi into the second part of the duodenum
what is the region called where all the structures enter the liver
the portal hepatis
what is the round ligament of the liver
the ligamentum teres - the obliterated umbilical vein
what is passed thhrough the patent round ligament in foetal life
ductus venosus
where does the round ligament lie
in the free edge of the falciform ligament
what was the purpose of the umbilical vein
bypass the liver to allow the nutrients to reach the foetus directly rather than being processed in the liver
what anatomical structures are related to the liver
- diaphragm
- stomach
- gallbladder
- large intestine
- right kidney
- right and left costal margins
- inferior vena cava
- duodenum
- oesophagus
what comprises the mucosa of the oesophagus
epithelium
lamina propria
muscularis mucasae
what is present in the submucosa of the oesophagus
blood vessel
nerves
lymphatics
loose collagen
what is the arrangement of the muscle in the muscularis propria
inner circular and outer longitudinal
what is present in the adventita of the oesophagus
major blood vessels and nerves
adipose tissue
what is a common abnormality of the oesophagus
barretts oesophagus
what can gastrooesophageal reflux disease do the oesophagus
metaplastic activity, such as presence of metaplastic glandular epithelium, glandular tissue in the submucosa
what can metaplasia predispose a patient to having
dysplasia and subsequent cancer
what does coeliac disease cause for the duodenum
- villous atrophy
- hyperplastic crypts
- lymphoid infiltrations
what do patients with coeliac patients typically complain of
diarrhoea
fatigue
weight loss
failure to thrive
what are the anterior boundaries of the mouth
the lips
what are the lateral boundaries of the mouth
the cheeks
what are the inferior boundaries of the mouth
tongue and mylohyoid
what are the superior boundaries of the mouth
hard palate
what are the posterior boundaries of the mouth
pillars
where does the submandibular gland open into the mouth
the lingual frenulum
where does the sublingual gland open into the mouth
the lingual frenulum
what pathologies can impact the sublingual gland
- sialolithiasis
- sialodenitis
- tumours
what nerve passes through the parotid gland
facial
what are the muscles of mastication
masseter
temporalis
medial pterygoid
lateral pterygoid
what does the lateral pterygoid do
depress the jaw
what does the medial pterygoid do
elevate the jaw
what is achalasia
oesophageal motility space
what is tracheooesophageal fistula
oesophageal atresia with a distal tracheooesophageal fistula
what are the symptoms of type A tracheooesophageal fistula
cyonisis
coughing
choking
copious saliva
what are tracheooesophageal fistules treated
surgical reconnective of relevant structures
what additional layer does the stomach have that is unusual for the gastrointestinal tract
inner longitudinal layer of muscle
what is the function of the stomach
churning and retention of food
where in the body does collateral circulation
stomach
oesophagus
rectum
what is the peritoneum
serous membrane
what is the mesentery
fold of peritoneum that attaches to the posterior abdominal wall
name some retroperitoneal structures
pancreas and kidneys
what type of muscle is the diaphragm composed of
skeletal
what nerve provides innervation to the diaphragm
phrenic nerve
what are the nerve roots of the phrenic
C3, C4, C5
why does the nerve supply of the diaphragm arise so far away from it
During folding of the embryo, the diaphragm is caudal (lower end) to the heart at the level of the cervical vertebrae. During further development, the dorsal (back) aspect of the embryo grows faster than the ventral (front) “pulling the diaphragm down with its nerve supply from the cervical region
what comprises the thoracic cage
12 pairs of ribs
sternum
manubrium
xiphoid process
what does the manubriosternal joint identify
the second rib
what are the different components of the sternum
manubrium
sternum
xiphoid process
what vessels are found lateral to the sternum
the internal thoracic vessels
what do the internal thoracic vessels drain
the intercostal muscles and skin overlying the chest
what clinical application do the internal thoracic vessels serve as a donor for
coronary artery bypass grafting
what is the mediastinum
group of structures in the thoracic cavity excluding the lungs
the structures in the mediastinum are loosely bound by connective tissue. what is the clinical relevance of this fact
Allows for cushioning, a small degree of movement and is clinically relevant in that infection and tumours can spread rapidly throughout this vast communicating area
what are the regions of the mediastinum
superior and inferior
what can the inferior mediastinum be divided into
the anterior middle and posterior
what is found in the superior mediastinum
great vessels
phrenic and vagus nerves
sympathetic trunk
part of the thymus
what is found in the anterior inferior mediastinum
fat
thymus tissue
what is found in the middle inferior mediastinum
heart
what is found in the posterior inferior mediastinum
- descending thoracic aorta
- azygos and hemiaxzygos veins
- oesophagus
- thoracic duct
- vagus nerve
- splanchnic nerve
what is the drawback of a posterioanterior chest x ray
the heart can appear larger
what embryological remnant can be found in the right atrium
the fossa ovalis
how many valvules are present in the aortic valve
three
where are the aortic sinuses located
just above the aortic valve
what arises close to the aortic sinuses
coronary arteries
when does the aortic valve close
diastole
what is a murmur
abnormal heart sound
what is unique regarding coronary arteries
they are end arteries
how many main coronary arteries are there
two
what would happen if a coronary artery was completely occluding
myocardial infarction - death of the tissue
how many times thicker is the left ventricle compared to the right ventricle
three
what forms holes in the heart
septal defects
what type of artery is the aorta
elastic
what is the aortic knuckle
prominence of the aorta as it changes direction in the chest seen on chest x rays
why does the aorta not collapse during ventricular diastole
elastic recoil due to the high number of elastic fibres
what are the main branches of the aorta that pass into the neck
brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery and left subclavian artery
the phrenic nerve passes through the thoracic inlet, but behind which veins that that point
the subclavian veins
describe the different courses between the right and left phrenic nerves
Right phrenic nerve accompanies the right brachiocephalic vein and SVC in front of the right lung root. The left lies lateral to the left common carotid artery, crosses the left side of the aortic arch and passes in front of the left lung root
what type of innervation does the phrenic nerve provide
Muscular (to diaphragm) and sensory to the fibrous pericardium and sensory to the peritoneum covering the inferior surface of the diaphragm
what is referred pain
Pathology in one area causing pain in another area eg. Pain related to gallbladder pathology (affecting the diaphragmatic surface of the diaphragm) can be referred to the right tip of shoulder as the same nerve roots supply here for sensation too.
what are the three main types of vessel in the arterial system
elastic
muscular
arterioles
example of elastic arteries
aorta
common carotid
subclavian
pulmonary arteries
example of muscular arteries
radial
remoral
coronary
cerebral arteries
where are arterioles found
distributing throughout the body
what do veins have less of in general compared to arteries
elastic and muscle in their walls
what is the function of venous valves
prevent the backflow of blood
