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Human Systems and Anatomy > Alimentary System Overview > Flashcards

Alimentary System Overview Flashcards

1
Q

what does the mouth act as an opening to

A

the alimentary canal

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2
Q

what are the four individual components of teeth

A

enamel, dentin, cementum, and dental pulp

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3
Q

what is enamel

A

the hardest part of the tooth and the most mineralised

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4
Q

what is dentin

A

this is the component found between the enamel and the cementum

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5
Q

what is dental pulp

A

this is the central portion of the tooth which contains soft connective tissue

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6
Q

what is the main two function of the digestive system

A

digestion and absorption

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7
Q

what is digestion

A

the function to process food

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8
Q

what is cementum

A

the specialised bone covering the root of the tooth

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9
Q

what is absorption

A

the process to transfer nutrients to circulation

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10
Q

what organs aid in the processes of the gastrointestinal tract

A

accessory organs like salivary glands, gall bladder, liver and pancreas

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11
Q

how do salivary glands aid digestion

A

they secrete a watery secretion known as serous, a thicker secretion known as mucous and a mixed seromucinous. this saliva helps buffer the mouth pH and protect the surface of the mouth and gut. it also has antimicrobial action and maintains the tooth structure, aiding in taste and to a lesser extent aiding also with digestion.

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12
Q

how does the gall bladder aid with digestion

A

it helps to store and concentration bile which is producedby the liver, and helps with fat digestion.

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13
Q

what is the pharynx

A

muscular tube approximately 12-15cm in length. it is responsible for food to pass thorugh, as well as air. the oesophagus is also a muscular tuble and extends from this pharynx.

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14
Q

what is the oesophagus route

A

extends from the pharynx and reaches down to the stomach, passing behind the heart and the trachea. then leads onto the stomach where the first major portion of digestion will happen.

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15
Q

where does the first major portion of digetion happen

A

the stomach

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16
Q

what occurs in the stomach

A

the mixing and churning of what you have eaten and drunk. this is also a muscular organ and is located on the upper left of the abdomen. it secretes acid and enzymes that will start digestion, taking it on from the little amoutn of starch digestion that has happened with the amylase from the saliva in the oral cavity

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17
Q

what is food called after it has passed through the stomach

A

chyme

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18
Q

how does chyme move from the stomach to the small intestine

A

it will move through a sphincter (tight muscular structure) into the small intestine

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19
Q

what are the three parts of the small intestine called

A

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

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20
Q

what occurs in the duodenum section of the small intestine

A

progress from digestion to absorption. there are secretions from the pancreas, and bile will also enter at this point.

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21
Q

what is bile

A

a substance that helps with fat digestion. it enters the small intestine at the duodenum

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22
Q

what do the secretions of the pancreas aid with

A

digestion of fats, protein, starch and other carbohydrates

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23
Q

what does the pancreas also secrete

A

bicarbonate rich fluid which helps to maintain alkaline pH

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24
Q

what will move into the large intestine

A

the remaining material that was not digested or absorbed.

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25
what staining is used when viewing the histology of the gastrointestinal system
H&E staining
26
what does mucosa line
the cavities of the body and the surface of internal organs
27
what is lamina propria
a thin layer of loose connective tissue which lies beneath the epithelium. contains inflammatory cells and provides support and nutrients to the overlyiung epithelium
28
what is muscularis mucosae
the next layer deep to the lamina propria. composed of smooth muscle and is continuous all the way through the entire length of the gastrointestinal tract
29
what is the submucosa composed of
dense irregular connective tissue - contains many blood vessels, nerves and lymphatic nerves.
30
what is the muscularis propria composed of
innter circular muscle and outer longitudinal muscle. this muscle is smooth muscle and is responsible for peristalsis
31
what is adventitia
the outer layer of fibrous connective tisue surrounding an organ. in the gut, this would be at the oral cavity, the upper end of the oesophagus, and ascending and descending colon and rectum.
32
what does the serous membrane allow for in the gastrointestinal tract
reduction of friction
33
what epithelium is found in the oral cavity
stratified squamous epithelium. ideal for their location to help with the repeated trauma from food and drink
34
is keratin found in the oesophagus
no, it is not found in any areas of the gastrointestinal tract that has stratified squamous epithelium due to the moisture to prevent it from drying out
35
what are some potential health issues associated with the gastrointestinal system
if there is contiaul reflux of acid from the stomach into the oesophagus, this can damage the lining of the epithelium of the oesophagus. this is called gastro-oestophageal reflux disease and is associated with heartburn, regurgitation or indigestion. can cause the cells of the lower oesophagus to change, which is called barrett's oesophagus. change in epithelium refers to typically stratified squamous epithelium changing to simple columnar epithelium.
36
what is metaplasia
change of one differentiated cell type to another
37
what is dysplasia
an abnormal growth or development of cells - results in unequal cell size, abnormal shaped cells, and excess pigment. there are also more cells dividing.
38
how does epithelium change at the gastro-oesophageal junction
goes from stratified squamous epithlium of the oesophagus into the simple columnar epithelium
39
what are the different secretions in the stomach that aid with digestion
acid, mucous and enzymes
40
what are the different gastric glands found in the stomach
cardiac glands fundic glands pyloric glands
41
where are fundic glands found
the fundus and body of the stomach
42
how is the secretory epithelium of glastric glands special
they secrete mucous, digestive enzymes and also bicarbonate which is ideal for digestion and maintenance of homeostasis
43
what is the epithelium like when moving from the stomach into the small intestine
it remains as simple columnar, but there is surface specialisation which shows prominently in the small intestine - this is the villi
44
what are villi
finger like projections that are designed to increase surface area and aid in the digestion and absorption which typically happens in the small intestine.
45
how many villi in the small intestine
10-40 per square millimetre. most prevalent at the beginning of the small intestine.
46
how many times does villi increase surface area
30
47
what is a disorder of the absorptive system of the gastrointestinal tract
coeliac disease this is a condition where your immune system attacks your own tissues when you eat gluten. this damages the gut so you are unable to take in nutrients. histologically it results in villous atrophy, meaning there is a gradual decline and wasting away of villi, which leads to a flattened appearance of the surface of the mucosa, which reduces the wide surface area for absorption of essential nutrients
48
what are crypts
these are grooves between the villi
49
what are hyperlastic crypts
this is when the grooves become stretched or elongated
50
what is the purpose of the epithelium in the large intestine
to absorb water and secrete mucous
51
what is the mucous secreted by in the large intestine
paler cells in the epithelium which ensures indigestable material passes towawrd the rectum and anal canal for expulsion of faeces without damaging the epithelium
52
what is the large intestine mucosa responsible for
absorption of vitamins that are created by colonic bacteria like vitamin K - essential for blood clotting
53
what are colonic crypts
intestinal glands
54
what are the two main conditions of inflammatory bowel disease
crohns disease and ulcerative colitis
55
what is crohns disease
a life long condition that results in inflammation of the lining of the digestive or alimentary system. it can occur anywhere along the gastrointestinal tract and results in inflammation and collections of the granulomas or lymphoid infiltrates that are transmural or across the wall of the bowel and alimentary system
56
what can crohns disease affect
any part of the alimentary system from mouth to anal canal. this will affect someones ability to maintain oral hygiene and their deiet, and can result in a great deal of pain and weight loss
57
what occurs in ulcerative colitis
there is inflammation in the colon and rectum only. ulcers can develop or break down the epithelium. this can turn lead to receurrent bouts of diarrhoea and abdominal pain.
58
what are the different alimentary activities
secretion digestion motility absorption excretion
59
give a brief summary of the secretory activities of the alimentary system
we produce about 7500ml of fluid in the process of digestion in a 24 hour period, broken down as follows: 600ml saliva 1500ml liquids (consumed by us) 2000ml gastric juice 500ml bile 1500ml intestinal juice 1500ml pancreatic juice 100ml are excreted
60
what are the two mechanisms of digestion
mechanical and chemical digestion
61
give a summary of mechanical digestion
this is the use of muscle contraction to aid motility and the breakdown of particles. it is involved in ease of movement and mixing. think of "propulsive motility" where the contraction starts at one end and finishes at the other.
62
give a summary of chemical digestion
this is primarily enzymes, but also involves some of the hydrochloric acid from the stomach. it takes a complex and turns it to a simple molecule. there are specific enzymes that facilitate the processes like saliva and the pancreas. these enzymes are secreted at different points in the gastrointestinal tract
63
describe the process of motility at the different points of the mouth
chewing and swallowing in the mouth churning in the stomach peristalsis in the intestine mass movements in defaecation
64
give a brief overview of the mouth and its involvement with digestion
this is the oral or buccal cavity with primary sensory and motor function. it also has other functions like salivation, lymphoid tissue and reflexes. in terms of the sensory functions of the mouth, there is general sensory that we experience elsewhere in the body as well such as pain, movement and temperature. but there is also taste, ie gustition, which is only experienced in the mouth. in terms of motor function, the mouth is involve in feeding, transport, breakdown and swallowing, which is an action that initiates digestion
65
what are the names of the different boundaries of the mouth
- anterior - lateral - inferior - superior - posterior
66
what surface of the mouth are the lips on
anterior
67
what surface of the mouth are the cheeks found
lateral
68
what boundaries of the mouth are the tongue and mylohyoid found
the inferior boundary
69
what boundaries of the mouth is the palate found on
superior boundary
70
what boundaries of the mouth is the fauces found on
the posterior boundary
71
what are the names of the facial muscles
temporalis muscle and the masseter muscle
72
what is the name of the facial muscle
orbicularis oris
73
what are the three salivary glands called
parotid gland which produces serous secretions submandibular gland which produces a serous mucous mix sublingual gland which produces mucous
74
what are some examples of exocrine secretions involved in digestion
salt and water, mucous, amylase
75
what are some disorders of the salivary gland
mumps, sialolithiasis, sialoadentitis
76
what is sialolithiasis
salivary gland stones, known as calculi, which are most common in the submandibular salivary gland
77
what is the sialoadenitis disorder
inflammation of the salivary gland
78
what is mumps
an enlarged parotid salivary gland
79
what body systems is the pharynx involved in
digestive and respiratory systems
80
what kind of acid is secreted by the stomach
hydrochloric acid
81
what are the different parts of the large intestine
caecum ascending, transverse and descending colon rectum anus
82
what are the different layers to mucosa in the gastrointestinal tract
epithelium, lamina propria, submucosa and muscularis mucosae
83
where is the submucosa found
below the mucosa. it contains dense irregular tissue, blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics
84
what is the muscularis propria
has two layers; the inner circular layer of smooth muscle that goes all around the tube. the outer longitudinal layer comes out toward us
85
what does the type of epithelia in the gut depend on
its location
86
what kind of epithelium is found in the stomach
simple columnar
87
where are fundic glands found
the top of the stomach and in the body of the stomach, in the lamina propria
88
how is the digestive process initiated
swallowing
89
what is peristalsis
muscular contraction to aid motility
90
where does most of the absorption in the digestive process take place
in the small intestine
91
what is nociception
pain
92
what is mechanoreception
movement
93
what is thermoreception
temperature
94
what is deglutition
the term for swallowing
95
what are tonsils collections of
lymphoid tissue
96
what is the hard palate made up of
bone covered by a mucous membrane
97
what is the uvula part of
the lowest part of the soft palate
98
what are the fauces
the pillars of the mouth where the tonsils are found
99
what structures are found underneath the tongue
sublingual salivary gland, submandibular salivary galnd. the general folds under the tongue are the plica fimbriata. the lingual frenulum is also found there
100
what virus is mumps
paramyxovirus. it causes swelling of the parotid gland. this can cause infertility and is difficult to treat - no actual cure. treated by symptom release.

Human Systems and Anatomy (57 decks)

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