Anatomy lab semester 2 Flashcards
what is the pathology that leads to bells palsy
idiopathic; generally related to inflammation of the stylomastoid foramen where the facial nerve leaves the skull
describe the nerve supply of the temporalis
mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve
what clinical condition can affect the integrity of the buccinator muscle and how does this manifest in day to day function
stroke - causing patient to be unable to keep food in the centre of the oral cavity, leading to drooling
label this
label this
how often do patients have an accessory parotid gland
20% of patients
what three structures pass through the parotid gland
facial nerve
external carotid artery
retromandibular vein
label the coloured vessels
label this
label the muscles on this specimen
what are the two components of the orbicularis oculi
palpebral and orbital
describe the nerve supply of the orbicularis oculi
temporal and zygomatic branches of the facial nerve
if the nerve supply to the orbicularis oculi was paralysed, what would be the functional consequences for the patient
eye would always be open, so they could get corneal drying, irritation, or corneal ulceration in the worst case
label this
what are the attachments of the mandible
zygomatic arch and the mandible
what are the nerve supplies of the masseter
mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve
what are the main branches of the facial nerve arising from the anterior border of the parotid gland
temporal
zygomatic
buccal
marginal mandibular
cervical
what does the temporal branch of the facial nerve supply
frontalis and upper eye muscles
what does the zygomatic branch of the facial nerve supply
zygomatic muscles and some of the elevators of the mouth
what does the buccal branch of the facial nerve supply
the buccinator
what does the marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve supply
the depressors of the mouth
what does the cervical branch of the facial nerve supply
platysma
what bone in the base of the skull does the facial nerve pass through
petrous temporal bone
where does the facial nerve exit the skull from
the stylomastoid foramen
what is the treatment for bells palsy
acyclovir and prednisolone
label this
describe the features of the right lung
has three lobes, and oblique and horizontal fissures
how far does the lung apex reach into the neck
one inch above the medial third of the calvicle
what is directly related to the inferior surface of the lung
diaphragm
why is it important to listen to the back of the lung when doing clinical examinations
the inferior lobe is found posteriorly, and this is the lobe that pathologies like pneumonia commonly affect
label this
what is this? label the features
label this
what is the purpose of the conchae
increase the surface area for air to be moisturised/humidified/warmed
what structures drain into the nasal cavity
paranasal sinuses and nasolacrimal ducts
if the conchae are swollen due to infection, what would be the impact on the patient
blocked nose/deviated septum - reduced air flow through the nasal cavity
label this
what is the struture that links the thyroid and cricoid cartilages
cricothyroid membrane
what is unique about the cricoid cartilage
signet ring shaped and only cartilage to form a complete ring
where is a cricothryoidotomy carried out
inferior to the vocal folds to avoid damage to these areas for speech
label this
what replaces the deficient area in tracheal cartilage rings and where is it
trachealis muscle found posteriorly
what is respiratory epithelium
ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells
what is the mucociliary escalator
beating of cilia to move mucous superiorly toward the oropharynx for expulsion or to the stomach for destruction by stomach acid
label this
at what level of the neck is the larynx
C3-6
what is a tracheostomy
insertion of a tube into the trachea for ventilation
where would a tracheostomy be pkaced
2-5th tracheal space
why is a tracheostomy performed
failed endotracheal intubation, long term mechanical ventilation required
what are the complications of a tracheostomy
stenosis
failure
infection
slippage out of site
what does the hilum connect
the lungs with the mediastinum
what are the black nodules that can be found at the hilum
lymph nodes
why are lymph nodes black in appearance
carbon deposits in the macrophages
what surrounds the lungs
pleura
label this
how do you tell the difference between the left and right bronchi
the right bronchus is more vertical, has a greater diameter and is shorter
what are the divisions after the primary bronchi
lobar and segmental bronchi
label the sinuses here
where do the maxillary sinuses open into the nasal cavity
the posterior end of the hiatus semilunaris
why is the design of the maxillary sinuses not ideal
its opening is high up on the medial wall meaning there is a large space to be filled before drainage
what is an oro-antral fistula
abnormal communication between the oral cavity and the maxillary antrum
which teeth are most likelt to cause oro antral fistulas when extracted
premolars and molars
what cartilage are the vocal folds attached to
thyroid cartilage
what hormone is the thyroid cartilage under the influence of during adolescence
testosterone
what is the purpose of the larynx
alter pitch and volume of speech
what nerves suppy the larynx
vagus (recurrent laryngeal and superior laryngeal)
label this from 1-16
1 - pulmonary alveoli
2 - duct of bronchial gland
3 - adventitia and submucosa
4 - hyaline cartilage
5 - serous acini
6 - smooth muscle
7 - pulmonary artery
8 - serous acini
9 - bronchial capillaries
10 - mucous acini
11 - bronchial venule
12 - bronchial epithelium
13 - lamina propria
14 - adventitia
15 - pulmonary artery
16 - bronchial artery
