Anatomy lab semester 2

Question 1

what is the pathology that leads to bells palsy

Answer 1

idiopathic; generally related to inflammation of the stylomastoid foramen where the facial nerve leaves the skull

Question 2

describe the nerve supply of the temporalis

Answer 2

mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve

Question 3

what clinical condition can affect the integrity of the buccinator muscle and how does this manifest in day to day function

Answer 3

stroke - causing patient to be unable to keep food in the centre of the oral cavity, leading to drooling

Question 4

label this

Answer 4

Question 5

label this

Answer 5

Question 6

how often do patients have an accessory parotid gland

Answer 6

20% of patients

Question 7

what three structures pass through the parotid gland

Answer 7

facial nerve
external carotid artery
retromandibular vein

Question 8

label the coloured vessels

Answer 8

Question 9

label this

Answer 9

Question 10

label the muscles on this specimen

Answer 10

Question 11

what are the two components of the orbicularis oculi

Answer 11

palpebral and orbital

Question 12

describe the nerve supply of the orbicularis oculi

Answer 12

temporal and zygomatic branches of the facial nerve

Question 13

if the nerve supply to the orbicularis oculi was paralysed, what would be the functional consequences for the patient

Answer 13

eye would always be open, so they could get corneal drying, irritation, or corneal ulceration in the worst case

Question 14

label this

Answer 14

Question 15

what are the attachments of the mandible

Answer 15

zygomatic arch and the mandible

Question 16

what are the nerve supplies of the masseter

Answer 16

mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve

Question 17

what are the main branches of the facial nerve arising from the anterior border of the parotid gland

Answer 17

temporal
zygomatic
buccal
marginal mandibular
cervical

Question 18

what does the temporal branch of the facial nerve supply

Answer 18

frontalis and upper eye muscles

Question 19

what does the zygomatic branch of the facial nerve supply

Answer 19

zygomatic muscles and some of the elevators of the mouth

Question 20

what does the buccal branch of the facial nerve supply

Answer 20

the buccinator

Question 21

what does the marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve supply

Answer 21

the depressors of the mouth

Question 22

what does the cervical branch of the facial nerve supply

Answer 22

platysma

Question 23

what bone in the base of the skull does the facial nerve pass through

Answer 23

petrous temporal bone

Question 24

where does the facial nerve exit the skull from

Answer 24

the stylomastoid foramen

Question 25

what is the treatment for bells palsy

Answer 25

acyclovir and prednisolone

Question 26

label this

Answer 26

Question 27

describe the features of the right lung

Answer 27

has three lobes, and oblique and horizontal fissures

Question 28

how far does the lung apex reach into the neck

Answer 28

one inch above the medial third of the calvicle

Question 29

what is directly related to the inferior surface of the lung

Answer 29

diaphragm

Question 30

why is it important to listen to the back of the lung when doing clinical examinations

Answer 30

the inferior lobe is found posteriorly, and this is the lobe that pathologies like pneumonia commonly affect

Question 31

label this

Answer 31

Question 32

what is this? label the features

Answer 32

Question 33

label this

Answer 33

Question 34

what is the purpose of the conchae

Answer 34

increase the surface area for air to be moisturised/humidified/warmed

Question 35

what structures drain into the nasal cavity

Answer 35

paranasal sinuses and nasolacrimal ducts

Question 36

if the conchae are swollen due to infection, what would be the impact on the patient

Answer 36

blocked nose/deviated septum - reduced air flow through the nasal cavity

Question 37

label this

Answer 37

Question 38

what is the struture that links the thyroid and cricoid cartilages

Answer 38

cricothyroid membrane

Question 39

what is unique about the cricoid cartilage

Answer 39

signet ring shaped and only cartilage to form a complete ring

Question 40

where is a cricothryoidotomy carried out

Answer 40

inferior to the vocal folds to avoid damage to these areas for speech

Question 41

label this

Answer 41

Question 42

what replaces the deficient area in tracheal cartilage rings and where is it

Answer 42

trachealis muscle found posteriorly

Question 43

what is respiratory epithelium

Answer 43

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells

Question 44

what is the mucociliary escalator

Answer 44

beating of cilia to move mucous superiorly toward the oropharynx for expulsion or to the stomach for destruction by stomach acid

Question 45

label this

Answer 45

Question 46

at what level of the neck is the larynx

Answer 46

C3-6

Question 47

what is a tracheostomy

Answer 47

insertion of a tube into the trachea for ventilation

Question 48

where would a tracheostomy be pkaced

Answer 48

2-5th tracheal space

Question 49

why is a tracheostomy performed

Answer 49

failed endotracheal intubation, long term mechanical ventilation required

Question 50

what are the complications of a tracheostomy

Answer 50

stenosis failure infection slippage out of site

Question 51

what does the hilum connect

Answer 51

the lungs with the mediastinum

Question 52

what are the black nodules that can be found at the hilum

Answer 52

lymph nodes

Question 53

why are lymph nodes black in appearance

Answer 53

carbon deposits in the macrophages

Question 54

what surrounds the lungs

Answer 54

pleura

Question 55

label this

Answer 55

Question 56

how do you tell the difference between the left and right bronchi

Answer 56

the right bronchus is more vertical, has a greater diameter and is shorter

Question 57

what are the divisions after the primary bronchi

Answer 57

lobar and segmental bronchi

Question 58

label the sinuses here

Answer 58

Question 59

where do the maxillary sinuses open into the nasal cavity

Answer 59

the posterior end of the hiatus semilunaris

Question 60

why is the design of the maxillary sinuses not ideal

Answer 60

its opening is high up on the medial wall meaning there is a large space to be filled before drainage

Question 61

what is an oro-antral fistula

Answer 61

abnormal communication between the oral cavity and the maxillary antrum

Question 62

which teeth are most likelt to cause oro antral fistulas when extracted

Answer 62

premolars and molars

Question 63

what cartilage are the vocal folds attached to

Answer 63

thyroid cartilage

Question 64

what hormone is the thyroid cartilage under the influence of during adolescence

Answer 64

testosterone

Question 65

what is the purpose of the larynx

Answer 65

alter pitch and volume of speech

Question 66

what nerves suppy the larynx

Answer 66

vagus (recurrent laryngeal and superior laryngeal)

Question 67

label this from 1-16

Answer 67

1 - pulmonary alveoli 2 - duct of bronchial gland 3 - adventitia and submucosa 4 - hyaline cartilage 5 - serous acini 6 - smooth muscle 7 - pulmonary artery 8 - serous acini 9 - bronchial capillaries 10 - mucous acini 11 - bronchial venule 12 - bronchial epithelium 13 - lamina propria 14 - adventitia 15 - pulmonary artery 16 - bronchial artery