Stomach Flashcards
give a description of the abdomen
a huge portion of the torso, extending under the ribcage. it is the body cavity between the diaphragm and the pelvic inlet. it is separated from the thorax but not from the pelvis.
partially supported by the pelvis
what is the abdomen composed of
multi layered musculoaponeurotic wall and adipose tissue
what are the different regions of the abdomen
there are 9
- hypochondrium right
- epigastric
- hypochondrium left
- right lumbar
- umbilical
- left lumbar
- right iliac fossa
- suprapubic (hypogastrium)
- left iliac fossa
what are midclavicular lines
the vertical lines separating the abdomen into regions
what are subcostal lines
the horizontal lines taken from the inferior part of the lower costal cartilages
what is the intertubecular line
the lower horizontal line between the tubercles of the pelvis
what organ is found in the right hypochondrium
the liver
what is found in the epigastric region of the abdomen
duodenum
liver
gall bladder
pancreas
stomach
what is found in the left hypochondrium of the abdomen
spleen and stomach
which organs are found in the right lumbar region of the abdomen
ascending colon
kidney
what organs are found in the umbilical region of the abdomen
the stomach
head of pancreas
small intestine
transverse colon
lower aspects of the right and left kidneys
what organs are found in the left lumbar
descending colon
left kidney
what organs are found in the right iliac fossa of the abdomen
caecum
appendix
part of the ascending colon
what organs are found in the suprapubic region of the abdomen
bladder
uterus
parts of the small intestine like the ileum
what organs are found in the left iliac fossa
sigmoid colon
descending colon
in which region of the abdomen is the liver
right hypochondrium and the epigastric region
in which region of the abdomen is the duodenum
epigastric, umbilical
in which region of the abdomen is the gall bladder
epigastric
in which region of the abdomen is the pancreas
epigastric and umbilical
in which region of the abdomen is the stomach
epigastric, umbilical and left hypochondrium
in which region of the abdomen is the spleen
left hypochondrium
in which region of the abdomen is the ascending colon
right lumbar
in which region of the abdomen is the kidney
right lumbar, umbilical, and left lumbar
in which region of the abdomen is the small intestine
umbilical, suprapubic, epigastric?
in which region of the abdomen is the caecum
right iliac fossa
in which region of the abdomen is the appendix
right iliac fossa
in which region of the abdomen is the descending colon
left lumbar and left iliac fossa
in which region of the abdomen is the bladder
suprapubic
in which region of the abdomen is the uterus
suprapubic
in which region of the abdomen is the ileum
suprapubic
where is the stomach located
in the left hypochondrium, epigastric region. surrounded by many structures.
the anterior is around the lower ribs, liver and diaphragm
the posterior is surrounded by the diaphragm, spleen, kidney, adrenal gland and pancreas
what is the greater omentum of the stomach
a fatty tissue that attaches to the greater curvature
what can pyloric stenosis affect
the pyloric sphincter
what is the stomach
a hollow muscular organ responsible for the breakdown of what is ingested by enzymes and hydrochloric acid
what are rugae
folds of the organ which can be seen with the naked eye. they help increase surface area and allow for the folding of the organ
what are the three layers of muscle in the stomach wall
longitudinal, circular and oblique
what do the three layers of the muscles of the stomach wall function with
helping with the churning of the stomach contents (chyme). the innermost oblique layers helps with churning (acts as a washing machine)
what are the functions of the stomach
- store swallowed food
- retention of food
- mixing of gastric juice
- chemical and mechanical functions
- limited absorption except for alcohol
what does the limited absorption of the stomach not include
alcohol and aspirin. most of the absorption takes place in the small intestine, especially when the secretions of the bile and pancreatic secretion pass into the duedenum
what cells are most important for protection in the stomach
mucus secreting cells
what are the mucus secreting cells of the stomach
mucous neck cells and surface mucous cells. both produce mucous but the neck cells are a little less alkaline than the surface mucous cells
what is the intrinsic factor of parietal cells important for
vitamin b12 absorpiton in the ileum. this vitamin is needed for normal functions of the nervous system and the maturation of red blood cells in the bone marrow.
what do the chief cells of the stomach produce
pepsinogen - activated to become pepsin under the production of acid. pepsin then breaks down proteins into smaller amino acids.
what are the different secretory cells found within the stomach
mucous secreting cells
parietal cells
chief cells
endocrine cells
what do endocrine cells of the stomach produce
gatrin - goes into the bloodstream to stimulate the production of hydrochloric acid by parietal cells
what do parietal cells produce
hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor
what do the muscous secreting cells secrete in the stomach
luminal surface of the gastric pits and they are alkaline
when do endocrine cells release gastrin
when food and fluid go in
what breaks down the pepsinogen produced by chief cells
hydrochloric acid
describe the structure of parietal cells
large found or pyramid shaped cells that stain pink - meaning they are highly acidic - and they also have a central round nucleus
where are the chief cells found
in the lower regions of the gastric glands
what are chief cells
zymogenic cells that are basophilic and stain blue
what are parietal cells
oxyntic that are acidic and stain pink
what does carbon anhydrase do
catalyses the reaction between water and carbon dioxide to produce carbonic acid, hydrogen and bicarbonate
the stomach is supplied by several arteries. where are these arteries derived from
branches of the coeliac trunk
what is the coeliac trunk
a short, wide vessel arising from the anterior aspect of the aorta just below the diaphragm. it divides into three branches; the left gastric, the common hepatic and the splenic arteries
what is the left gastric artery
the smallest branch of the coeliac trunk. it reaches the oesophagus and then descends along the lesser curvature of the stomach. the branches of the left gastric artery have two or three with the lower oesophagus. other branches supply cardia and the lesser curvature of the stomach
what is the common hepatic artery
this is the branch of the coeliac trunk that gives rise to the right gastric and gastroduodental arteries. right gastric arises above the superior duodenum and runs to the left to the lesser omentum, also supplying the lesser curvature of the stomach alongside the left gastric.
what is the gastroomental artery
one of the branches of the gastroduodental arteries which branches from the hepatic artery. it runs to the left with the greater omentum, parallel to the greater curvature, this gives numerous branches to the pyloric part and body of the stomach
what is the splenic artery
the largest branch of the coeliac trunk. provides collateral branches to the pancreas, and terminal branches to the spleen and stomach.
has several gastric branches that pass to the greater curvature.
what is the fundus of the stomach supplied blood from
the short gastric arteries form from the splenic artery.
give a brief description of venous drainage of the stomach
the veins accompany the gastric arteries, and they drain into the portal venous system. the portal vein receives from the right and left gastric veins.
what does the splenic vein retrieve the deoxygenated blood from
the short gastric and left gastroomental veins
what do the oesophageal tributaries take part in
imporant portacaval anastomosis with the tributaries from the azygos venous system within the thorax
how are the upper two thirds of the oesophagus drained
via oesophageal veins carrying deoxygenated blood to the azygos vein, and then into the superior vena cava. not involved in oesophageal varices.
how is the lower one third of the oesophagus able to be drained
toward the left gastric vein, which in turn goes to the portal vein
how can alcoholism impact the oesophagus
if pressure increases in the liver, there is collateral circulation developing around the lower oesophagus. this can end up in rupturing and be fatal.
what is portal hypertension
increased portal pressure
what is gastric band surgey
when a band or pouch is tied around the stomach - increased tightening can reduce the volume of food people eat at any one time
what are the different forms of weight loss surgery
- gastric band
- gastric bypass
- sleeve gastreoctomy
what is a gastric bypass
where the top part of the stomach is joined to the small intestine
what is sleeve gastrectomy
where some of the stomach is removed
when are weight loss surgeries considered
if the BMI is over 40 and if the patient has an obesity related condition.
what is a roux-en-Y
surgical reduction of stomach size, and the duodenum is reattached.
why is the duodenum reattached after roux-en-y surgery
bile from the liver and the pancreatic enzymes are still needed for digestion
