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Human Systems and Anatomy > Respiratory Tract > Flashcards

Respiratory Tract Flashcards

1
Q

what is the purpose of respiratory tracts

A

respiration

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2
Q

what are the two components of the respiratory tract

A

upper and lower respiratory tracts

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3
Q

what did the respiratory tract used to be divided into

A

upper respiratory tract
respiratory airways
lungs

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4
Q

what are the three functions of the respiratory tract

A

conduction of air
respiration
protection against pathogens

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5
Q

how does the respiratory tract conduct air

A

by warming and humidifying it

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6
Q

how does the respiratory tract protect against pathogens

A

using mucous

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7
Q

what is included in the upper respiratory tract

A

nose
paranasal sinuses
mouth (including the tonsils)
throat
larynx

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8
Q

describe the external nose

A

protuberance for nostrils
found in the central portion of the face
skin, muscle, bone
hyaline cartilage
lined by mucous membrane

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9
Q

which type of cartilage is the nose composed of

A

hyaline

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10
Q

what are nares

A

the nostrils

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11
Q

describe the internal portion of the nose

A

nasal cavity, with a superior and posterior portion between the inferior and anterior cranial fossa
superior to the mouth

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12
Q

what is the internal nose continuous with

A

nares and pharynx

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13
Q

what is the nasolacrimal duct

A

a duct that links just underneath the inferior concha at the inferior meatus with the medial canthus of the eye
allows tears from the eyes to pass into the nose, which is noticeable when crying

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14
Q

what makes up the nasal septum

A

cartilage and bone

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15
Q

what ducts are found in the internal portion of the nose

A

ducts from paranasal sinuses and the nasolacrimal duct

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16
Q

describe what the external nose is covered with

A

skin with hair and keratin

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17
Q

what is the epithelium of the respiratory segment of the nose

A

ciilated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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18
Q

what is the epithelium of the olfactory segment of the nose

A

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium as well as olfactory receptors

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19
Q

what are olfactory receptors

A

receptors that detect air borne odour moleucles that enter the nasal cavity and bind to the receptors. the activation of the receptors results in olfactory receptor neurons sending an impulse to the brain’s olfactory system

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20
Q

where is olfactory epithelium found

A

at the roof of the nasal cavity, several centimeters superior and posterior to the nostrils

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21
Q

what are the functions of the nose

A

warm and filter air via the concha
sense of smell
modification of speech and vocal resonance

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22
Q

what are the functions of the paranasal sinuses

A

vocal resonance and modification of speech

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23
Q

what are paranasal sinuses

A

air filled spaces found within the bones of the skull

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24
Q

list the main functions of the four paired sinuses in the head

A

lighten the weight of the head
support immune defence of the nasal cavity
humidify inspired air
increase resonance of the voice

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25
what are the four paired sinuses in the head
frontal sinuses sphenoid sinuses ethmoidal sinuses maxillary sinuses
26
what are the frontal sinuses
two frontal sinuses located within the frontal bone of the skull most superior of the paranasal sinuses triangular in shape
27
what are the sphenoid sinuses
situated in the body of the sphenoid bone
28
what are the ethmoidal sinuses
three of these sinuses located within the ethmoid bone anterior, middle and posterior
29
what are the maxillary sinuses
largest of the sinuses located laterally and inferiorly to the nasal cavities
30
where do the paranasasal sinuses drain
into the nasal cavity, underneath the frontal sinus opening pathway for spread of infection, as the fluid draining from the frontal sinus can enter the maxillary sinus
31
label
frontal ethmoid air eye socke sphenoid maxillary
32
label
frontal ethmoid eye socket sphenoid maxillary
33
what is an oro-antral fistula
an opening created between paranasal sinuses and the mouth there is abnormal communication that exists between the two epithelium lined organs that dont normally connect
34
what can commonly cause oro-antral fistulas
molar tooth extraction, trauma, bone disease like osteomyelitis or after radiotherapy
35
what is the pharynx
muscular tube from the base of the skull at C6 to the oesophagus
36
function of the pharynx
conduct air and direct food to the oesophagus
37
where is the nasopharynx
stretches from the base of the skull to the soft palate
38
where is the oropharynx
soft palate uvula to the epiglottis
39
where is the laryngopharynx
epiglottis to where there is bifurcation at the oesophagus and trachea
40
what does the lower respiratory tract consist of
larynx trachea right bronchus and left bronchus lungs blood air barrier
41
what is the larynx
the voice box, which acts as a sphincter and home to the vocal cords
42
where is the larynx
between C3 and C6
43
describe the larynx in more detail
cartilagenous segment of the respiratory tract located in the anterior aspect of the neck protects the lower respiratory tract from aspirating food into the trachea while breathing 4-5cm in length and width smaller in women the larger the larynx, the deeper the voice
44
what holds the larynx in place
muscles and ligaments
45
what does the inferior aspect of the larynx connect to
superior region of the trachea
46
what is the hyoid bone
only bone in the body not connected to another body horse shoe shaped, and found between the chin and thyroid cartilage serves as an attachment of the anterior neck muscles
47
label this
48
how many cartilages are found in the larynx
nine
49
name the six cartilage types of the laryngeal skeleton
thyroid cricoid epiglottis arytenoid corniculate cuneiform
50
what are the unpaired cartilages of the laryngeal skeleton
thyroid cricoid epiglottis
51
what are the paired cartilages of the laryngeal skeleton
arytenoid corniculate cuneiform
52
what is the location of the thyroid cartilage
protective shield surounding the anterior part of the larynx spans vertically from the superior to inferior regions
53
what is the the largest of the laryngeal cartilages
the thyroid cartilage
54
what is the laryngeal prominence
the thryoid cartilage is shaped like a half opened book, and the spine of the book is a protrusion known as the laryngeal prominence. ie the adams apple
55
what are the other names for the circoid cartilage
circoid ring or signet ring
56
which cartilage encircles the trachea completely
the criciod cartilage
57
what is the location of the cricoid cartilage
inferior larynx, level of C6
58
what are the two parts of the cricoid cartilage
the arch, anteriorly the lamina, posteriorly
59
what is the epiglottis
elastic cartilagenous leaf shaped flap covering the opening of the larynx
60
what is the function of the epiglottis
allows passage of air into the larynx, trachea and lungs prevents food from entering the trachea
61
what are the arytenoid cartilages
small, hard, flexible pyramid shaped cartilages that sit over the posterior portion of the cricoid cartilage has a vocal process and a muscular process
62
what are the corniculate cartilages of santorini
small elastic cone shaped cartilages that articulate with the apices of the arytenoid cartilages
63
what are the cuneiform cartilages
wrisberg cartilages, which are two elongated fibrous pieces of yellow cartilage places on either side of the aryepiglottic field no direct attachment to other cartilages but serve to support the vocal folds and the lateral aspects of the epiglottis
64
how do the laryngeal cartilages move
thanks to several joints between them
65
what does the cricothyroid joint connect
thyroid to cricoid
66
what does the cricoarytenoid joint connect
each arytenoid to cricoid
67
what does the arycorniculate joint connect
the arytenoid to the santorini
68
label this
69
what is the aryepiglottic fold
a fold located at the entrance of the larynx and extends from the edges of the epiglottis to the arytenoid cartilages the growl of our voices can be due to the approximation of these folds can help sustained movement at low frequency
70
function of the arytenoid cartilage
tension relaxation approximation (of vocal cords)
71
what is the vestibular fold
vestibular ligament and mucous membrane over it helps protect the larynx "false vocal cords"
72
what are vocal folds/cords
white in colour, avascular, help with voice production or phonation by movements like abudction, tension, relaxation, and pitch of the voice
73
label this please
74
what can lead to a cricothyroidotomy
foreign objects in the upper airway facial trauma oedema of the glottis
75
what is a cricothyroidotomy
emergency only procedure due to an inability to breathe incision made in skin, into cricothyroid membrane to place a tube into the space to maintain the airway rarely performed the cricothryoidotomy can then be connected to ventilating equipment to take over breathing
76
how long is the trachea
4-5 inches long
77
how many cartilagenous rings are there on the trachea
15-20
78
where does the trachea begin
C6
79
label this
A = Epiglottis B = Thyroid cartilage C = Cricothyroid membrane D = Trachea
80
describe what makes up the trachea
the wall is composed of fibrous tissue the cartilage maintains the airway there is no cartilage posteriorly, and instead there is smooth muscle called trachealis
81
what is the respiratory epithelium
ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells
82
when is a tracheostomy carried out
in acutely ill patients who need long term mechanical ventilation
83
which bronchus is shorter
the right
84
what is the main bronchus
the left bronchus
85
describe the right bronchus
vertical greater diameter shorter
86
which bronchus is more likely to get foreign bodies stuck in it
the right
87
what is the epithelial lining of the bronchi like
still respiratory, same as the trachea
88
describe how the bronchi divide
superior and inferior lobe bronchus both left and right lungs in the right lung, there is also the middle lobe bronchus

Human Systems and Anatomy (57 decks)

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