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Human Systems and Anatomy > Respiratory Tract > Flashcards

Respiratory Tract Flashcards

1
Q

what is the purpose of respiratory tracts

A

respiration

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2
Q

what are the two components of the respiratory tract

A

upper and lower respiratory tracts

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3
Q

what did the respiratory tract used to be divided into

A

upper respiratory tract
respiratory airways
lungs

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4
Q

what are the three functions of the respiratory tract

A

conduction of air
respiration
protection against pathogens

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5
Q

how does the respiratory tract conduct air

A

by warming and humidifying it

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6
Q

how does the respiratory tract protect against pathogens

A

using mucous

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7
Q

what is included in the upper respiratory tract

A

nose
paranasal sinuses
mouth (including the tonsils)
throat
larynx

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8
Q

describe the external nose

A

protuberance for nostrils
found in the central portion of the face
skin, muscle, bone
hyaline cartilage
lined by mucous membrane

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9
Q

which type of cartilage is the nose composed of

A

hyaline

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10
Q

what are nares

A

the nostrils

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11
Q

describe the internal portion of the nose

A

nasal cavity, with a superior and posterior portion between the inferior and anterior cranial fossa
superior to the mouth

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12
Q

what is the internal nose continuous with

A

nares and pharynx

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13
Q

what is the nasolacrimal duct

A

a duct that links just underneath the inferior concha at the inferior meatus with the medial canthus of the eye
allows tears from the eyes to pass into the nose, which is noticeable when crying

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14
Q

what makes up the nasal septum

A

cartilage and bone

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15
Q

what ducts are found in the internal portion of the nose

A

ducts from paranasal sinuses and the nasolacrimal duct

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16
Q

describe what the external nose is covered with

A

skin with hair and keratin

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17
Q

what is the epithelium of the respiratory segment of the nose

A

ciilated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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18
Q

what is the epithelium of the olfactory segment of the nose

A

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium as well as olfactory receptors

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19
Q

what are olfactory receptors

A

receptors that detect air borne odour moleucles that enter the nasal cavity and bind to the receptors. the activation of the receptors results in olfactory receptor neurons sending an impulse to the brain’s olfactory system

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20
Q

where is olfactory epithelium found

A

at the roof of the nasal cavity, several centimeters superior and posterior to the nostrils

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21
Q

what are the functions of the nose

A

warm and filter air via the concha
sense of smell
modification of speech and vocal resonance

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22
Q

what are the functions of the paranasal sinuses

A

vocal resonance and modification of speech

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23
Q

what are paranasal sinuses

A

air filled spaces found within the bones of the skull

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24
Q

list the main functions of the four paired sinuses in the head

A

lighten the weight of the head
support immune defence of the nasal cavity
humidify inspired air
increase resonance of the voice

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25
Q

what are the four paired sinuses in the head

A

frontal sinuses
sphenoid sinuses
ethmoidal sinuses
maxillary sinuses

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26
Q

what are the frontal sinuses

A

two frontal sinuses located within the frontal bone of the skull
most superior of the paranasal sinuses
triangular in shape

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27
Q

what are the sphenoid sinuses

A

situated in the body of the sphenoid bone

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28
Q

what are the ethmoidal sinuses

A

three of these sinuses located within the ethmoid bone
anterior, middle and posterior

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29
Q

what are the maxillary sinuses

A

largest of the sinuses
located laterally and inferiorly to the nasal cavities

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30
Q

where do the paranasasal sinuses drain

A

into the nasal cavity, underneath the frontal sinus opening
pathway for spread of infection, as the fluid draining from the frontal sinus can enter the maxillary sinus

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31
Q

label

A

frontal
ethmoid air
eye socke
sphenoid
maxillary

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32
Q

label

A

frontal
ethmoid
eye socket
sphenoid
maxillary

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33
Q

what is an oro-antral fistula

A

an opening created between paranasal sinuses and the mouth
there is abnormal communication that exists between the two epithelium lined organs that dont normally connect

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34
Q

what can commonly cause oro-antral fistulas

A

molar tooth extraction, trauma, bone disease like osteomyelitis or after radiotherapy

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35
Q

what is the pharynx

A

muscular tube from the base of the skull at C6 to the oesophagus

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36
Q

function of the pharynx

A

conduct air and direct food to the oesophagus

37
Q

where is the nasopharynx

A

stretches from the base of the skull to the soft palate

38
Q

where is the oropharynx

A

soft palate uvula to the epiglottis

39
Q

where is the laryngopharynx

A

epiglottis to where there is bifurcation at the oesophagus and trachea

40
Q

what does the lower respiratory tract consist of

A

larynx
trachea
right bronchus and left bronchus
lungs
blood air barrier

41
Q

what is the larynx

A

the voice box, which acts as a sphincter and home to the vocal cords

42
Q

where is the larynx

A

between C3 and C6

43
Q

describe the larynx in more detail

A

cartilagenous segment of the respiratory tract located in the anterior aspect of the neck
protects the lower respiratory tract from aspirating food into the trachea while breathing
4-5cm in length and width
smaller in women
the larger the larynx, the deeper the voice

44
Q

what holds the larynx in place

A

muscles and ligaments

45
Q

what does the inferior aspect of the larynx connect to

A

superior region of the trachea

46
Q

what is the hyoid bone

A

only bone in the body not connected to another body
horse shoe shaped, and found between the chin and thyroid cartilage
serves as an attachment of the anterior neck muscles

47
Q

label this

A
48
Q

how many cartilages are found in the larynx

A

nine

49
Q

name the six cartilage types of the laryngeal skeleton

A

thyroid
cricoid
epiglottis
arytenoid
corniculate
cuneiform

50
Q

what are the unpaired cartilages of the laryngeal skeleton

A

thyroid
cricoid
epiglottis

51
Q

what are the paired cartilages of the laryngeal skeleton

A

arytenoid
corniculate
cuneiform

52
Q

what is the location of the thyroid cartilage

A

protective shield surounding the anterior part of the larynx
spans vertically from the superior to inferior regions

53
Q

what is the the largest of the laryngeal cartilages

A

the thyroid cartilage

54
Q

what is the laryngeal prominence

A

the thryoid cartilage is shaped like a half opened book, and the spine of the book is a protrusion known as the laryngeal prominence. ie the adams apple

55
Q

what are the other names for the circoid cartilage

A

circoid ring or signet ring

56
Q

which cartilage encircles the trachea completely

A

the criciod cartilage

57
Q

what is the location of the cricoid cartilage

A

inferior larynx, level of C6

58
Q

what are the two parts of the cricoid cartilage

A

the arch, anteriorly
the lamina, posteriorly

59
Q

what is the epiglottis

A

elastic cartilagenous leaf shaped flap covering the opening of the larynx

60
Q

what is the function of the epiglottis

A

allows passage of air into the larynx, trachea and lungs
prevents food from entering the trachea

61
Q

what are the arytenoid cartilages

A

small, hard, flexible pyramid shaped cartilages that sit over the posterior portion of the cricoid cartilage
has a vocal process and a muscular process

62
Q

what are the corniculate cartilages of santorini

A

small elastic cone shaped cartilages that articulate with the apices of the arytenoid cartilages

63
Q

what are the cuneiform cartilages

A

wrisberg cartilages, which are two elongated fibrous pieces of yellow cartilage places on either side of the aryepiglottic field
no direct attachment to other cartilages but serve to support the vocal folds and the lateral aspects of the epiglottis

64
Q

how do the laryngeal cartilages move

A

thanks to several joints between them

65
Q

what does the cricothyroid joint connect

A

thyroid to cricoid

66
Q

what does the cricoarytenoid joint connect

A

each arytenoid to cricoid

67
Q

what does the arycorniculate joint connect

A

the arytenoid to the santorini

68
Q

label this

A
69
Q

what is the aryepiglottic fold

A

a fold located at the entrance of the larynx and extends from the edges of the epiglottis to the arytenoid cartilages
the growl of our voices can be due to the approximation of these folds can help sustained movement at low frequency

70
Q

function of the arytenoid cartilage

A

tension
relaxation
approximation
(of vocal cords)

71
Q

what is the vestibular fold

A

vestibular ligament and mucous membrane over it
helps protect the larynx
“false vocal cords”

72
Q

what are vocal folds/cords

A

white in colour, avascular, help with voice production or phonation by movements like abudction, tension, relaxation, and pitch of the voice

73
Q

label this please

A
74
Q

what can lead to a cricothyroidotomy

A

foreign objects in the upper airway
facial trauma
oedema of the glottis

75
Q

what is a cricothyroidotomy

A

emergency only procedure due to an inability to breathe
incision made in skin, into cricothyroid membrane to place a tube into the space to maintain the airway
rarely performed
the cricothryoidotomy can then be connected to ventilating equipment to take over breathing

76
Q

how long is the trachea

A

4-5 inches long

77
Q

how many cartilagenous rings are there on the trachea

A

15-20

78
Q

where does the trachea begin

A

C6

79
Q

label this

A

A = Epiglottis
B = Thyroid cartilage
C = Cricothyroid membrane
D = Trachea

80
Q

describe what makes up the trachea

A

the wall is composed of fibrous tissue
the cartilage maintains the airway
there is no cartilage posteriorly, and instead there is smooth muscle called trachealis

81
Q

what is the respiratory epithelium

A

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells

82
Q

when is a tracheostomy carried out

A

in acutely ill patients who need long term mechanical ventilation

83
Q

which bronchus is shorter

A

the right

84
Q

what is the main bronchus

A

the left bronchus

85
Q

describe the right bronchus

A

vertical
greater diameter
shorter

86
Q

which bronchus is more likely to get foreign bodies stuck in it

A

the right

87
Q

what is the epithelial lining of the bronchi like

A

still respiratory, same as the trachea

88
Q

describe how the bronchi divide

A

superior and inferior lobe bronchus both left and right lungs
in the right lung, there is also the middle lobe bronchus

Human Systems and Anatomy (57 decks)

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