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Neuroendocrine > Voluntary Motion > Flashcards

Voluntary Motion Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main voluntary motion control areas in the brain?

A

Primary motor cortex
Supplementary motor cortex
Premotor cortex

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2
Q

What are the functions of the premotor cortex?

A
  • Identifies the intent of the motion
  • Decides if it is appropriate to move or not (dorsal aspect)
  • Receives sensory information required to move
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3
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the supplementary motor cortex?

A

Supplementary motor area (SMA) and the

Pre-supplementary motor area (pre-SMA)

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4
Q

Function of the supplementary motor area?

A

Postural control

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5
Q

Function of the pre-supplementary motor area?

A
  • Plans the motor sequence needed to make action occur

- Control to switch strategies or actions

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6
Q

What is the function of the primary motor cortex?

A

Controls specific movements –encodes the movements!

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7
Q

What cortex layer receives the sensory input?

A

Layer 4 - internal granular layer

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8
Q

What cortex layer outputs the info for the CST pathway?

A

Layer 5 - ganglionic layer

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9
Q

How are the neurons in the primary motor cortex arranged?

A

Into columns

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10
Q

What are the types of columns?

A
  • On/off for agonist muscle

- Off/on for antagonist muscle

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11
Q

What are the types of neurons in the columns?

A
  • 1 set to start motion

- 1 set to stop motion

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12
Q

Neighboring columns have what in common?

A

Control related motions!! (not neighboring muscles)

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13
Q

Stimulation of an area/column in the primary motor cortex that controls fine motion may result in what?

A

Contraction of a SINGLE muscle

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14
Q

Stimulation of an area/column in the primary motor cortex that controls general motion may result in what?

A

Contraction of a GROUP of muscles

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15
Q

Is there a homunculus for the precentral gryus?

A

Yes - fine motion (for example hands), takes up more of the topical map

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16
Q

When reaching for an object, what is the very first step?

A

The visual cortex (occipital) must see it and relay that axon to the parietal/frontal cortex

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17
Q

What are the areas in the parietal cortex that receive input from the visual cortex when reaching?

A

V6A, VIP, PEc, MIP

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18
Q

Function of VIP in the parietal cortex?

A

Create a rough map of the space around you

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19
Q

Where does the VIP project?

A

F4 in the premotor cortex

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20
Q

Function of F4?

A

Created a detailed map of the space around you

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21
Q

Describe the rate of firing in relation to F4 area in the premotor cortex?

A

Increased firing rate of action potentials the closer the object is to you

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22
Q

Function of V6A in the parietal cortex?

A

Tells you where your limb is in space

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23
Q

Where does the V6A project?

A

F2 in the premotor cortex

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24
Q

Function of F2?

A

Constructs a related map including the location of your limb in comparison to your body and the space around you

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25
Q

For grasping, what areas of the parietal cortex are important?

A

Anterior Intraparietal area (AIP) and the PFG

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26
Q

What can neurons in the Anterior Intraparietal Area and PFG respond to?

A

Seeing an object
Grasping an object
Seeing and grasping an object

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27
Q

Where does the Anterior intraparietal area and PFG project to?

A

F5 in the premotor cortex

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28
Q

Function of F5?

A

Neurons that fire the GOAL of the action!!

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29
Q

When trying to drink a cup of coffee, but the gripping is different what area of the premotor cortex is still firing the same?

A

F5 – goal is not changed just because the grasp of the cup is!

30
Q

What area of the brain can sequence complex actions, correct force/direction, balance and eye movements and learn complex actions?

A

Cerebellum

31
Q

What are the 4 functional (not anatomical) regions of the cerebellum?

A

Spinocerebellum (vermis) and Spinocerebellum (lateral)
Cerebrocerebellum
Vestibulocerebellum

32
Q

Function of the Spinocerbellum (medial)?

A

Postural control of ongoing motions

33
Q

Inputs to the spinocerebellum (Vermis)?

A

Efferent copy

Vestibular, hearing, auditory information

34
Q

Outputs of the spinocerebellum (vermis)?

A

Fastigial nucleus, Interpositus nuclie to the rubrospinal tract of the SC

35
Q

Interpositus

A

Globose nucleus + Emboliform nucleus

36
Q

How are the outputs of the cerebellum communicated?

A

Deep cerebellar nuclei

37
Q

Function of the Spinocerebellum (lateral)?

A

Force and direction of ongoing motion and ballistic motion control

38
Q

Ballistic motion

A

Motion too fast with no time to correct it

39
Q

Inputs of the spinocerebellum (lateral)?

A

Efferent copy and muscle afferent info

40
Q

Outputs of the spinocerebellum (lateral)?

A

Interpositus nuclei to SC

41
Q

Function of the cerebrocerebellum?

A

Planning complex motions and learning

42
Q

Inputs of the cerebrocerebellum?

A

Cerebral cortex

43
Q

Outputs of the cerebrocerebellum?

A

Dentate nucleus back to the cerebral cortex

44
Q

Function of the vestibulocerebellum?

A

Future balance and eye movements

45
Q

Input of the vestibulocerebellum?

A

Vestibular

46
Q

Outputs of the vestibulocerebellum?

A

Vestibular nuclei that can ascend or descend

47
Q

For repetitive actions such as walking, chewing, breathing; what initiates the movement?

A

Central pattern Generators (CPG)

48
Q

What is necessary to activate the CPG?

A

Cerebral cortex

49
Q

What is optional to activate the CPG but can help?

A

Sensory input helps to modify actions to be appropriate to the environment

50
Q

What is the function of the Basal Ganglia?

A

Start and stop and modulate movement

51
Q

What is the main NT released in the pathways within the Basal ganglia?

A

GABA - inhibitory

52
Q

Another name for the direct pathway?

A

Straitonigral GABAergic

53
Q

Describe the Direct pathway in detail

A
  • Striatum projects to the SNPR/GPI and releases a lot of GABA
  • This causes an IPSP and the neurons going from the SNPR/GPI do not release many action potentials
  • This causes there to be less inhibition of the thalamic neurons and they will become excitatory and fire many action potentials to the cortex and release EAA
  • Motion allowed
54
Q

Purpose of the direct pathway in the basal ganglia?

A

Increase motor movements

55
Q

Purpose of the indirect pathway in the basal ganglia?

A

Decrease motor movements

56
Q

Describe the indirect pathway in detail

A
  • Striatum projects to the GPE and releases a lot of GABA
  • This causes an IPSP and few action potentials are generated on the neuron going from the GPE to the subthalamic nucleus
  • GPE neurons will release less GABA so the subthalamic nucleus will be activated and increase its action potentials
  • The subthalamic nucleus will release EAA to the SNPR/GPI and activate them
  • The SNPR/GPI will then release a lot of GABA on to the thalamic neurons which will result in their inhibition and they will send less EAA to the cortex
  • No motion allowed
57
Q

What is the effect of dopamine on the direct pathway?

A

Amplifies movements and increases motor activity

58
Q

Where does dopamine come from?

A

Substantia nigra pars compacta

59
Q

What is the effect of dopamine on the indirect pathway?

A

Inhibits the indirect pathway from doing its original function of inhibiting motion

60
Q

Overall effect of dopamine?

A

Initiation of motion! By activating the direct pathway and inactivating the indirect pathway

61
Q

What is the dopamine receptor on the direct pathway and what is its response when bound to dopamine?

A

D1, excitatory

62
Q

What is the dopamine receptor on the indirect pathway and what is its response when bound to dopamine?

A

D2, inhibitory

63
Q

What is lost with parkinsons disease?

A

SNPC (substantia nigra pars compacta) - and consequentially dopamime

64
Q

What is the result on each pathway when there is no SNPC and thus no dopamine?

A

The direct pathway is harder to activate
The indirect pathway is harder to inactivate
= Harder to initiate motion!

65
Q

What are the 2 functions of the prefrontal cortex?

A

Planning of complex motor actions and carrying out “thought” processes

66
Q

What areas are involved in planning complex motor actions?

A

Prefrontal cortex, premotor cortex, supplementary motor cortex and cerebrocerebellum - also basal ganglia (dopamine)

67
Q

Once a motion is approved, what is activated?

A

The columns in the primary motor cortex

68
Q

What must the brain activate for muscle contraction to occur in the agonist muscle?

A

It must activate the alpha AND gamma motor neurons

69
Q

What must the brain inactivate for muscle relaxation/stretching to occur in the antagonist muscle?

A

It must inhibit the alpha AND gamma motor neurons

70
Q

Once a motion has already started, what ensures the motion is correct?

A

Spinocerebellum

Neuroendocrine (47 decks)

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