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Neuroendocrine > Neurophys. of Reward and Addiction > Flashcards

Neurophys. of Reward and Addiction Flashcards

1
Q

A process that mediates goal-directed responses or behavior to changes in environment

A

Motivation

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2
Q

Consequence of learned behaviors that alters probability that a behavior will be repeated again

A

Reinforcement

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3
Q

What is salience?

A

Wanting; something important in the environment worth paying attention to

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4
Q

“Something having salience”

A

Something has value to the individual so that they want it

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5
Q

What can trigger salience?

A

Encounters with reward/related cues; experienced as surges of motivation to obtain the reward

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6
Q

3 things that reward involves?

A
  1. Hedonic effect of pleasure
  2. Salience (motivation to obtain reward due to its value)
  3. Associated learning
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7
Q

Negative reinforcement of behavior that the person will learn to avoid in future encounters

A

Aversion

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8
Q

No longer liking something previously liked; lack of interest

A

Anhedonia

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9
Q

Hedonia

A

Pleasure or liking

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10
Q

Physiologic purpose of pleasure is to?

A

Promote behaviors that are consistent with survival of self and species

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11
Q

What neurons encode the DISCREPANCY between reward prediction and info about the actual reward received?

A

Dopaminergic

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12
Q

As dopaminergic neurons encode the discrepancy between reward prediction and actual reward, they broadcast the signal downstream. Why?

A

So you LEARN exactly what is rewarding and what is NOT

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13
Q

Mismatch between events and reward elicited

A

Reward prediction error (RPE)

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14
Q

What does an unpredicted reward elicit?

A

Activation (positive prediction error)

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15
Q

What does a fully predicted reward elicit?

A

No response

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16
Q

What does the omission of a predicted reward induce?

A

Depression (negative prediction error)

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17
Q

Repeated drug use does what to the RPE?

A

Repetition of the RPE signals continues to reinforce the drug behavior

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18
Q

Natural rewards do what to the RPE?

A

Produce error-correcting dopaminergic RPE signals until the predictions match actual events

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19
Q

Drugs of abuse increase extracellular _____ concentrations

A

Dopamine

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20
Q

Drugs of abuse increase dopamine, where?

A

Limbic regions and nucleus accumbens

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21
Q

Compared to natural reinforcers such as food and sex, drugs of abuse provide what type of increase in dopamine?

A

5-10 fold increases in dopamine that last longer as well than normal reinforcers

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22
Q

Cocaine, meth, ecstasy and others increase dopamine _____

A

Directly

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23
Q

Alcohol, nicotine, marijuana increase dopamine _____

A

Indirectly

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24
Q

What are the main structures involved in reward pathways?

A

Nucleus Accumbens
Ventral Tegmental Area
Prefrontal Cortex
Limbic System

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25
Q

Normal function of Nucleus Accumbens?

A

SUPPRESS sensations of pleasure/reward

26
Q

Nucleus Accumbens neurons are consistently activated by what areas of the brain and by what NT?

A

PFC, Amygdala, Hippocampus all release EAA (glutamate) and activate Nucleus Accumbens neurons

27
Q

When the Nucleus Accumbens is working under normal conditions, what is the pathway?

A

Nucleus accumbens neurons receive EAA and are stimulated
- They project to the Pre-frontal cortex
- They release GABA and inhibit the neurons there
== results in NO pleasure sensed (neutral state)

28
Q

What type of neurons are Nucleus Accumbens neurons?

A

GABAergic

29
Q

Under normal conditions, Nucleus Accumbens neurons inhibit what area of the brain?

A

Pre-frontal cortex

30
Q

The reward circuit is also known as?

A

Dopamine Hypothesis of Reward

31
Q

Drugs can activate what pathway?

A

Dopamine Hypothesis of Reward

32
Q

For the reward circuit, what areas of the brain help to activate the Ventral Tegmental Area neurons?

A

Prefrontal cortex
Dorsal Tegmental Area
Hypothalamus

33
Q

For the reward circuit, what does the prefrontal cortex release to dopaminergic neurons in the VTA?

A

EAA

34
Q

For the reward circuit, what does the Dorsal Tegmental area release to dopaminergic neurons in the VTA?

A

Acetylcholine

35
Q

For the reward circuit, what does the Hypothalamus release to dopaminergic neurons in the VTA?

A

Orexin

36
Q

Once the Ventral Tegmental Area is activated, it projects neurons that release _____ to the nucleus accumbens

A

Dopamine

37
Q

Dopamine at the nucleus accumbens does what to its neurons?

A

Inhibit them from releasing GABA

38
Q

Once dopamine inactivates the nucleus accumbens neurons, what is the result?

A

Sensation of pleasure

39
Q

How is the dopamine hypothesis of reward circuit turned off?

A

Nucleus accumbens neurons project back to the Ventral Tegmental area

  • They release GABA AND DYNORPHIN
  • This halts the release of dopamine and halts reward process
40
Q

What receptor does dynorphin use at the Ventral tegmental area to turn off reward signaling?

A

Kappa - opioid receptor

41
Q

What are some things that can stimulate the dopamine-independent reward pathway?

A

Exercise, ethanol and other activities

42
Q

What type of receptors are activated with the dopamine- independent reward pathway?

A

Mu - opioid receptors

43
Q

What 3 things does the dopamine-independent pathway have to activate to get the result of sensing pleasure?

A
  1. Inhibits the inhibiting interneurons in the VTA that normally suppress dopaminergic activity
  2. Local interneurons in the NA to inhibit the GABAergic neurons
  3. PFC itself
44
Q

What area of the brain associates rewarding feelings with the circumstance/environment they occurred?

A

Hippocampus

45
Q

What area of the brain mediates craving?

A

Amygdala

46
Q

What area of the brain controls when an abuser encounters associated person/things they are driven to make poor decisions?

A

Orbitofrontal cortex

47
Q

What do memory mechanisms act on to induce learning?

A

Dynorphin and ion channels that control excitability of Nucleus Accumbens

48
Q

Short term learning and memory mechanism

A

Increased phosphorylation of AMPA receptor in post-synaptic cell

49
Q

Longer term learning and memory mechanism

A

Activation of Calcium-calmodulin-CREB mechanism

50
Q

Life long learning and memory mechanism

A

Cascades involved deltaFosB and AP-1

51
Q

Describe the CREB pathway in the Nucleus Accumbens

A

Calcium binds calmodulin

  • Activates cAMP to activate PKA
    • Activates CREB to alter gene expression of Dynorphin
52
Q

Describe the CREB pathway in the Locus Ceruleus

A

Same as the Nucleus Accumbens pathway for CREB, Locus ceruleus mediates physical dependency

53
Q

Drugs of abuse, chronic stress, etc. activate what transcription factors for life long memories?

A

DeltaFosB and AP-1 to induce drug seeking and motivation and locomotion

54
Q

2 ways Dopamine can alter fear conditioning

A
  1. Alter association itself

2. Alter expression of memory

55
Q

What area of the brain can assign salience to a stimuli and mediate decisions to seek or avoid?

A

Nucleus Accumbens

56
Q

Corticotroph Releasing Factor (CRF) increases dopamine in the NA due to what?

A

Acute (short term) stress

57
Q

Corticotroph Releasing Factor (CRF) induces dopamine release that was once associated with pleasurable results to now to aversive results due to what?

A

Chronic (long term) stress

58
Q

Retrieval of fear memories

A

Amygdala

59
Q

Motor response associated with engaging in activity that elicits reward

A

Substantia nigra and dorsal striatum

60
Q

Provides spatial info about environment in which stimuli is experienced

A

Hippocampus

61
Q

Signals prediction error between expected outcome and actual reward

A

Ventral Tegmental Area

Neuroendocrine (47 decks)

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