Scalp and Superficial face Flashcards
What is the organization of the scalp layers from superficial to deep?
SCALP : Skin (integument - epidermis and dermis) Connective tissue - dense Aponeuroses Loose Areolar CT Periocranium (periosteum)
If a cut is superficial to the aponeuroses of the scalp, what happens?
It will bleed profusely but not gap open
If a cut is deep to the aponeuroses of the scalp, what happens?
It will bleed profusely and WILL gap open
What muscle pulls to create a gapping cut?
Occipitofrontalis
Why do cuts in the scalp bleed profusely?
CT tends to hold the vessels open
How do scalp infections spread?
Via emissary veins in the aponeuroses layer that merge with intracranial venous structures
What nerve is responsible for most of the cutaneous innervation of the face/scalp?
Trigeminal (CN V)
What are the 3 main branches of the trigeminal and what foramen do they pass through?
Opthalmic (V1) - superior orbital fissue
Maxillary (V2) - foramen rotundum
Mandibular (V3) - foramen ovale
What area of skin does the opthalmic nerve innervate?
Top of scalp, down forehead and nose
What are the sensory branches of the opthalmic nerve?
Supratrochlear, infratrochlear, and supraorbital
Where does the supratrochlear nerve exit?
Supratrochlear foramen
Where does the supraorbital nerve exit?
Supraorbital notch (foramen)
What area of skin does the maxillary nerve innervate?
Temple region, down upper lip
What are the sensory branches of the maxillary nerve?
Infraorbital, zygomaticfacial, zygomatictemporal
Where does the infraorbital nerve exit?
Infraorbital foramen
What area of skin does the mandibular nerve innervate?
Scalp in front of ear, down mandible and lower lip
What are the sensory branches of the mandibular nerve?
Mental, buccal, auriculotemporal
Where does the mental nerve exit?
Mental foramen
Describe the connection between the Herpes Zoster Virus and the opthalmic nerve
Initial infection = chickenpox
Reactivation of the virus
Lesions appear, commonly affecting opthalmic nerve
Lesions follow skin that opthalmic nerve innervates (forehead and nose)
What are the 2 types of lymph nodes in this region?
Superficial cervical nodes and inferior deep cervical nodes
What are the superficial cervical nodes?
Submental, submandibular, parotid, occipital, mastoid nodes
What do the superficial cervical nodes run along?
EJV
What are the inferior deep cervical nodes?
Jugulo-digastric and Jugulo-omohyoid
What path do the inferior deep cervical nodes run along?
Path of SCM
Nodes join to form trunks and then join to form ducts, what duct drains the entire left side of the body and lower right side?
Thoracic duct
What lymphatic duct drains upper right side of body?
Right lymphatic duct
What do the thoracic and right lymphatic duct drain into?
Subclavian vein
What is the largest gland, secretes a serous product and is enclosed by tough fascia?
Parotid gland
What gland is within the submandibular triangle and secrets a serous + mucous product?
Submandibular
What gland is within the oral cavity and secretes a mucous product?
Sublingual
What are the structures within the parotid?
Parotid duct, facial nerve, retromandibular vein, external carotid A. and auriculotemporal nerve
What innervates the muscles of facial expression?
Facial nerve (CNVII)
What are the muscles of facial expression?
Occipitofrontalis, orbicularis oculi, orbicularis oris, zygomaticus major and minor, Buccinator
What are the kissing muscles?
Orbicularis oris, buccinator
What are the parts of orbicularis oculi?
Orbital part surrounding a palpebral part
What is either an origin site or attachment site for the parts of occipitofrontalis?
Epicranial aponeuroses
What are the parts of occipitofrontalis?
occipital portion and frontal portion (occipitalis and frontalis)
What emotions does occipitofrontalis display?
Surprise/fright
What actions does orbicularis oculi do?
Tightly and gently close eyelids
What actions does orbicularis oris do?
Compress and protude lips to pout
What emotions do zygomaticus major and minor show?
Happiness/laughter by pulling angle of mouth superolateral
What does buccinator do?
Presses cheek in and draws mouth to side
What are the kissing muscles?
Orbicularis oris and buccinator
Damage to the facial nerve?
Bell’s palsy
Symptoms of bell’s palsy?
Weakness/paralysis of facial muscles
What are patients with bell’s palsy at risk for?
Cornea ulceration since they cannot close eyelids sometimes
What are the muscles of masstication?
Massater, temporalis, medial and lateral pterygoid
What nerve innervates the muscles of masstication?
Trigeminal nerve (CNV)
Main action of the muscles of masstication?
Elevate, close and protrude mandible
