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Neuroendocrine > Intro to Endocrine > Flashcards

Intro to Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

1 cell type sends hormones to itself or another cell of the same type

A

Autocrine

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2
Q

1 cell type sends hormones to a different cell type

A

Paracrine

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3
Q

1 cell type sends hormones into the blood stream to affect a different cell type

A

Endocrine

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4
Q

A neuron releases hormones into the blood to affect a certain cell type

A

Neuroendocrine

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5
Q

List the classical endocrine glands (9)

A 
Hypothalamus
Anterior/Posterior pituitary
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Adrenal cortex/medulla
Pancreas
Placenta
Gonads
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6
Q

Major hormones released by Hypothalamus

A

ADH, oxytocin, anything ending in “RH”

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7
Q

Major hormones released by Anterior pituitary

A

ACTH, FSH, LH, TSH, GH

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8
Q

Major hormones released by Posterior pituitary

A

ADH, oxytocin

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9
Q

Major hormones released by thyroid gland

A

T4, T3, Calcitonin

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10
Q

Major hormones released by parathyroid gland

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

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11
Q

Major hormones released by adrenal medulla

A

NE and Epinephrine

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12
Q

Major hormones released by adrenal cortex

A

Cortisol and Aldosterone

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13
Q

Major hormones released by pancreas

A

Insulin and Glucagon

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14
Q

Major hormones released by gonads

A

Testosterone and Estrogen

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15
Q

What are the 3 classes of hormones?

A

Protein/peptide
Amines
Steroids

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16
Q

What are protein/peptide hormones synthesized from and what are they stored in?

A

DNA and stored in vesicles

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17
Q

What is the half life and clearance rate like for protein/peptide hormones?

A

Short half life and fast clearance rate

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18
Q

What are the 2 types of amine hormones?

A

Catecholamines and Thyroid hormones

19
Q

What are amine hormones synthesized from?

A

Tyrosine

20
Q

What is the half life and clearance rate like for amine hormones?

A

Long half life and slow clearance

21
Q

What are steroid hormones derived from?

A

Cholesterol

22
Q

From short half life and fast clearance rate to long half life and slow clearance rate, rank the 3 hormone classes from fastest to slowest

A

PSA
proteins/peptides
Steroids
Amines

23
Q

What is positive feedback?

A

When a downstream hormone further stimulates the releasing organ to release more of the same hormone

24
Q

What is an example of positive feedback?

A

Estradiol stimulating the anterior pituitary to release more during female ovulation

25
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

When a downstream hormone inhibits the releasing organ to release less of the same hormone

26
Q

What is an example of negative feedback?

A

Testosterone inhibiting the signal to release more at the level of the anterior pituitary

27
Q

Endocrine axis for bones/organs/muscles

A

Hypothalamus

Anterior pituitary releases GH

28
Q

Endocrine axis for ovaries/testes

A

Hypothalamus

Anterior pituitary releases FSH and LH to both

29
Q

Endocrine axis for adrenal cortex

A

Hypothalamus

Anterior pituitary releases ACTH

30
Q

Endocrine axis for thyroid gland

A

Hypothalamus

Anterior pituitary releases TSH

31
Q

Endocrine axis for kidneys

A

Hypothalamus

Posterior pituitary releases ADH

32
Q

Endocrine axis for breasts/uterus

A

Hypothalamus

Posterior pituitary releases oxytocin

33
Q

Describe 1st tier regulation

A

Regulating the hypothalamus:
Light - eyes - LGN/Retinohypothalamic tract => Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)
- SCN controls circadian rhythm at pineal gland to release melatonin and controls coordinated endocrine/metabolic and behavioral rhythms at the hypothalamic level

34
Q

What are 2 ways to change responsiveness of hormone receptors?

A

Changing number of receptors

Changing affinity of receptors for the hormone

35
Q

What is responsiveness of the target tissue expressed by?

A

Dose-response relationship

36
Q

What is the adenylyl cyclase mechanism?

A

Hormone binds and activates G protein
G protein activates adenylyl cyclase to create cAMP
cAMP activates protein kinase A

37
Q

What are some hormones that use the adenylyl cyclase mechanism?

A

ACTH, LH, FSH, TSH

38
Q

What is the phospholipase C mechanism?

A

Hormone binds and activates G protein
G protein activates phospholipase C to create DAG/IP3
DAG/IP3 activate protein kinase C

39
Q

What are some hormones that use the phospholipase C mechanism?

A

Oxytocin, TRH, GnRH

40
Q

What is the steroid hormone mechanism?

A

Diffuse across cell membrane and bind intracellular receptors and then bind to DNA to activate/repress genes

41
Q

What is the Guanylyl Cylcase mechanism?

A

Guanylyl cyclase converts GTP to cGMP

cGMP activates cGMP kinases

42
Q

What is an example of the guanylyl cyclase mechanism?

A

NO relaxing smooth muscle

43
Q

Receptor Tyrosine Kinases directly phosphorylate targets when what is bound?

A

Insulin

44
Q

Tyrosine Kinase associated receptors are associated with proteins that have kinase ability when what is bound?

A

GH

Neuroendocrine (47 decks)

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