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Neuroendocrine > Learning and Memory > Flashcards

Learning and Memory Flashcards

1
Q

What is procedural memory?

A

Skills and habits that have been used so much they are automatic

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2
Q

What is another name for procedural memory?

A

Non-declarative memory or implicit memory

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3
Q

What are the anatomical locations for procedural memory?

A

Cerebellum = motor skills

Nucleus accumbens = non-motor skills (habit)

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4
Q

What is declarative memory?

A

Conscious recognition/recollection of learned facts and experiences

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5
Q

What is another name for declarative memory?

A

Explicit memory

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6
Q

What are the 2 forms of declarative memory?

A

Episode and Semantic

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7
Q

Episode memory?

A

Type of declarative memory

– deals with memory of events

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8
Q

Semantic memory?

A

Type of declarative memory

– deals with memory of words, language and rules

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9
Q

What is working memory?

A

Recalling a fact/memory for use - may be a subset of short term memory

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10
Q

Production of memory and learning requires what?

A

Induction of neuronal and synaptic plasticity

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11
Q

Alterations in the CNS based on use

  • could be altered synaptic function
  • could be changes in physical neuron structure
A

Plasticity

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12
Q

What is post-tetanic potentiation?

A

Brief, high-frequency discharge of presynaptic neuron that produces an increase in NT release

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13
Q

How long does a post-tetanic potentiation last?

A

About 60 seconds

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14
Q

Describe how a post-tetanic potentiation occurs?

A

The action potential traveling down the axon opens sodium channels and due to the high-freq. discharge it opens more calcium channels than it can handle and causes more NT release

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15
Q

What does post-tetanic potentiation do?

A

Increases probability of action potentials in post-synaptic cell due to its increase in NT release

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16
Q

Where is post-tetanic potentiation occurring?

A

Pre-synaptic cell

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17
Q

What is long-term potentiation?

A

Series of changes in pre and post-synaptic neurons that leads to an INCREASED response on the post-synaptic neuron

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18
Q

How long does long-term potentiation last?

A

At least 30 mins to an hour

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19
Q

Where is long-term potentiation occurring and what is coming in?

A

Post-synaptic cell has an increase in calcium

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20
Q

Increased calcium in the post-synaptic cell during long-term potentiation causes what?

A
  1. calmodulin to phosphorylate the AMPA receptor
  2. calcineurin to produce nitric oxide
    ^^ main steps (some were left out)
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21
Q

What does an increase in nitric oxide of a post-synaptic cell do?

A

NO goes back to the pre-synaptic cell and increases cGMP and NT RELEASE!

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22
Q

What does phosphorylation of the AMPA receptor at a post-synaptic cell do?

A

Increase the sodium influx in response to an EAA = able to be more depolarized

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23
Q

Long-term potentiation also increases _____ which results in physical changes of a neuron

A

CREB

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24
Q

How can learning and formation of new memories be blocked?

A

By blocking protein synthesis

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25
Q

What are the 4 steps to creating a declarative memory?

A
  1. Encoding
  2. Storage of info
  3. Consolidation
  4. Retrieval
26
Q

What is encoding?

A

Focus and attention on new information

- emotion and linking to previous memories is important

27
Q

The storage of info step in creating a declarative memory uses what type of memory?

A

Short-term memory

28
Q

What are the short-term memory anatomical substrates?

A

hippocampus, parahippocampal cortex, prefrontal cortex

29
Q

Short-term memory also has interconnections to the neocortex and amygdala via ________

A

Nucleus basalis of meynert

30
Q

What is a target of alzheimers?

A

Nucleus basalis of meynert (short-term memory interconnection path)

31
Q

What is the short-term memory physiological substrate?

A

Long-term potentiation

32
Q

The consolidation step of creating a declarative memory requires taking a short-term memory to a long-term memory. What anatomical areas does this step require?

A

Hippocampus, temporal lobes and PAPEZ circuit

33
Q

What are the main components of the papez circuit?

A

Hippocampus
Hypothalamus and mammillary bodies
Anterior thalamus
Cingulate cortex

34
Q

Why is the papez circuit important in the consolidation step of taking a short-term memory to a long-term memory?

A

The memory is repeatedly sent through the papez circuit, which sets up conditions required to induce long-term potentiation and neuronal plasticity
– makes new synapses stronger by continuing the loop

35
Q

Where are long-term memories stored?

A

Pieces are stored in the area of cortex that is related to that modality of the individual component
(ex. visual info for a memory is stored in the visual cortex) – MANY AREAS OF NEOCORTEX

36
Q

What is the retrieval step of creating a declarative memory?

A

Bringing it into working memory

37
Q

Where can a memory be modified or lost?

A

At the retrieval step

38
Q

Individual components of a memory are first sent to where for retrieval?

A

Parahippocampal region

39
Q

Once the individual components of a memory are first sent to the parahippocampal region, then where are they sent?

A

Hippocampus

40
Q

What does the hippocampus do for memory retrieval?

A

Reconstructs the memory

41
Q

Once the hippocampus reconstructs the memory, where does it send it?

A

Back to the parahippocampus

42
Q

Why is it important for the hippocampus to send the constructed memory back to the parahippocampal region?

A

It prolongs the life of the cortical trace of the memory

43
Q

From the parahippocampal region, what is the final destination of a reconstructed memory?

A

Cortex

44
Q

What are the 3 components to working memory?

A

Central executive
Phonological loop
Visuospatial loop

45
Q

Central executive

A

Fact I need

46
Q

Phonological loop

A

Words to describe

47
Q

Visuospatial loop

A

Visual memories

48
Q

For working memory, _____ and _____ are the inputs into the central executive

A

Phonological loop and visuospatial loop

49
Q

Where is the central executive?

A

Prefrontal cortex

50
Q

Where is the phonological loop?

A

Broca’s and Wernicke’s

51
Q

Where is the visuospatial loop?

A

Occipital cortex associated with vision

52
Q

For spatial memory, where is it stored?

A

Hippocampus

53
Q

Unlike normal memories, what type of information is stored in the hippocampus?

A

Detailed memory of space

54
Q

What type of cells are important in storing spatial memories in the hippocampus?

A

Place cells

55
Q

What type of cells are place cells

A

Pyramidal cells in CA1

56
Q

What serves as an anchor for the reconstruction of a memory?

A

The spatial map

57
Q

What are place cells?

A

Neurons that are active when at a specific place

58
Q

What are the inputs to the place cells?

A

Grid cells
Head direction cells
Border neurons

59
Q

What type of cells create a map of the place you are in, in a triangle or hexagonal shape?

A

Grid cells

60
Q

When do border neurons fire?

A

When near an edge or border (i.e. wall, etc)

Neuroendocrine (47 decks)

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