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Neuroendocrine > Hypothalamus and Limbic System > Flashcards

Hypothalamus and Limbic System Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the hypothalamus?

A

Inferior to the thalamus and forms the walls and floor of the 3rd ventricle

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2
Q

What part of the brain is the hypothalamus a part of anatomically?

A

Diencephalon

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3
Q

What are a few of the main functions of the hypothalamus?

A
  • Regulates basic drives, emotional and affective behavior

- Regulates homeostasis, ANS and endocrine function

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4
Q

What is anterior to the hypothalamus?

A

Optic chiasm

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5
Q

Via the infundibular stalk, what is the hypothalamus continuous with?

A

Posterior pituitary

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6
Q

What are 3 anatomical parts of the hypothalamus?

A

Mammillary bodies, Tuber Cinereum and Median Eminence

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7
Q

What divides the hypothalamus into functional medial and lateral zones?

A

Fornix

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8
Q

Where are most of the hypothalamic nuclei located?

A

In the medial zone

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9
Q

What are the functional areas in the medial zone of the hypothalamus?

A

Anterior area
Middle/Tuberal area
Posterior area

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10
Q

What are the nuclei of the anterior area of the medial zone of the hypothalamus?

A

Preoptic and Anterior nuclei
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
Supraoptic nucleus
Paraventricular nucleus

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11
Q

Function of preoptic and anterior nuclei?

A

Heat loss; temp. regulation

Sleep and parasympathetic activity

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12
Q

Function of suprachiasmatic nucleus?

A

Circadian rhythms

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13
Q

Function of supraoptic nucleus?

A

Secretes hormones (oxytocin and anti-diuretic hormone)

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14
Q

Function of paraventricular nucleus?

A

Secretes hormones

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15
Q

What are the nuclei of the middle area of the medial zone of the hypothalamus?

A

Dorsomedial nucleus
Ventromedial nucleus
Arcuate nucleus

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16
Q

Function of dorsomedial nucleus?

A

Emotional behavior and role in circadian rhythms

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17
Q

Function of ventromedial nucleus?

A

Inhibits eating and drinking (satiety)

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18
Q

Function of arcuate nucleus?

A

Secretes releasing/inhibiting hormones

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19
Q

What are the nuclei of the posterior area of the medial zone of the hypothalamus?

A

Posterior nucleus and mammillary nucleus

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20
Q

Function of the posterior nucleus?

A

Heat gain; cold temp response

Wakefulness and sympathetic activity

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21
Q

Function of mammillary nucleus?

A

Memory

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22
Q

The lateral zone/nuclei of the hypothalamus is primarily involved in?

A

Initiating eating and drinking

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23
Q

What is the blood supply to the thalamus?

A

Perforating arteries of the Circle of Willis

24
Q

What are some of the hypothalamic afferents?

A

Fornix
Stria terminals and ventral amygdalofugal fibers
Corticohypothalamic input
Retinohypothalamic fibers

25
Q

Path of fornix?

A

Goes from hippocampal fibers to mammillary bodies

26
Q

What do retinohypothalamic fibers target?

A

SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus)

27
Q

What are some 2-way hypothalamic efferent/afferent pathways?

A

Median Forebrain Bundle (MFB)

Dorsal Longitudinal Fasiculus (DLF)

28
Q

Where do some hypothalamic efferents descend to?

A

PAG (periaquaductal gray)

RF (reticular formation)

29
Q

What are the main descending efferents from hypothalamus?

A

Medial zone and mammillary bodies

30
Q

What are some ascending hypothalamic efferents?

A

Hypothalamocortial fibers
Mammillothalamic tract - goes to thalamus
Lateral zone - goes to thalamus

31
Q

Anterior area of the hypothalamus regulates ______

A

Parasympathetic activity

32
Q

Posterior area of the hypothalamus regulates _______

A

Sympathetic activity

33
Q

What is essential for timing of rest and activity and has cells that maintain 24 hours of transcriptional control over circadian genes?

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

34
Q

Connections influence behavior, memory and pain perception

A

Limbic system

35
Q

Anatomical basis for emotional, drive-related, and motivated aspects of behavior

A

Hypothalamus + limbic system

36
Q

What is the hippocampal formation important for?

A

Learning and memory

37
Q

What does the hippocampal formation consist of?

A

Subiculum, hippocampus proper (ammon horn), Dentate gyrus

38
Q

Where is the parahippocampal gyrus?

A

Cortex overlying hippocampal formation

39
Q

Afferent path of the hippocampal formation?

A

Dentate gryus - > CA3 -> CA1 - > Subiculum

40
Q

Efferent path of the hippocampal formation?

A

Fibers from the subiculum and hippocampus proper bundle to form the fimbria -> FORNIX

41
Q

What is an uncal herniation?

A

Movement of uncus and maybe parahippocampal gyrus down over edge of tentorium cerebelli that will compress midbrain/brainstem

42
Q

Signs of an uncal herniation?

A

Dilated pupil, weakness of opposite extremity, respiration affected and abnormal reflexes

43
Q

What is Korsakoff’s syndrome?

A

Degeneration of mammillary bodies, hippocampal complex and thalamic DM nucleus due to thiamine deficiency associated with chronic alcoholism

44
Q

Signs of Korsakoff’s syndrome?

A

Patients have severe difficulty learning new tasks and forming long term memories
- pts will CONFABULATE

45
Q

Confabulate?

A

Combine fragmented memories into a synthesized “event” that never happened
Seen in Korsakoff’s patients

46
Q

What causes hippocampal amnesia?

A

Bilateral lesions of hippocampi

47
Q

Signs of hippocampal amnesia?

A

Deficit in episodic memory (cannot learn new material) but spared procedural and working memory with a normal IQ

48
Q

Loss of smell

A

Anosmia

49
Q

Distortion of smell when no odor present

A

Phantosmia

50
Q

Attaches emotional significance to a stimulus

A

Amygdala

51
Q

What causes Kluver-bucy syndrome?

A

Bilateral lesions that abolish amygdala

52
Q

What are some symptoms of Kluver-Bucy syndrome?

A 
Visual agnosia
Hyperorality
Placidity
Hyperphagia
Hypersexuality
53
Q

Important in reward and motivation

A

Ventral tegmental area

54
Q

Important in reward/pleasure and controls rage behavior

A

Septal nuclei

55
Q

Behaviors related to addiction and chronic pain

A

Nucleus Accumbens

56
Q

What describes emotional experiences that involve reactions between diencephalon and cortex?

A

Papez circuit

57
Q

Papez circuit

A

Loop including:

Hippocampus, mammillary bodies, thalamus anterior nuclei, cingulate cortex

Neuroendocrine (47 decks)

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