Dural sinuses/Meninges/Vasculature

Question 1

What layers make up the dura mater?

Answer 1

Periosteal layer and the meningeal layer

Question 2

This layer is more superficial and attaches to the periosteum of the cranial bones

Answer 2

Periosteal layer of the dura mater

Question 3

This layer is the deeper layer and is normally fused to the superficial layer of the dura mater

Answer 3

Meningeal layer of the dura mater

Question 4

What is created when the periosteal layer and the meningeal layer are not fused?

Answer 4

Large, blood-filled sacs == DURAL VENOUS SINUSES

Question 5

What is immediately deep to the dura mater?

Answer 5

Arachnoid mater

Question 6

What is the arachnoid trabeculae?

Answer 6

Web of collagen and elastic fibers

Question 7

What is between the dura and arachnoid mater?

Answer 7

Subdural space

Question 8

What is between the arachnoid mater and pia mater?

Answer 8

Subarachnoid space

Question 9

This mater is a layer of connective tissue that tightly adheres to the brain and follows every contour of the brain – innermost cranial meninge

Answer 9

Pia mater

Question 10

What are the cranial meninges?

Answer 10

Dura mater, Arachnoid mater, Pia mater

Question 11

What creates the cranial dura septa?

Answer 11

The meningeal layer of dura mater extends deep into the cranial cavity

Question 12

What are the 4 cranial dura septa?

Answer 12

Falx cerebri, falx cerebelli, tentorium cerebelli, diaphragma sellae

Question 13

What is the purpose of the cranial dura septa?

Answer 13

To separate specific parts of the brain and provide additional stabilization to the brain

Question 14

What dural venous sinuses are located in the cranial dura septa?

Answer 14

Superior and inferior sagittal, straight, sigmoid, transverse sinuses

Question 15

What is housed in the cavernous sinus?

Answer 15

Internal carotid artery and CN VI

Question 16

What other structures are associated with the cavernous sinus?

Answer 16

CN III, CN IV, CNV1,2, CN VI

Question 17

What can a cavernous sinus cause?

Answer 17

CN VI palsy – cannot ABduct eye

Question 18

Describe the arterial supply to the meninges

Answer 18

The external carotid gives off the middle meningeal artery that then splits into the parietal (posterior) and the frontal (anterior) branches to supply all meninges

Question 19

What nerves innervate the meninges?

Answer 19

Opthalmic, maxillary, mandibular, C2 and C3 spinal nerves

Question 20

What are the functions of cerebrospinal fluid?

Answer 20

Bathes CNS strucutres, buoyancy, protection and environmental stability

Question 21

Hydrocephalus

Answer 21

Results from an obstruction in cerebrospinal fluid flow that restricts its reabsorption in the venous bloodstream via the arachnoid granulations

Question 22

Compared to blood plasma, describe the contents of CSF

Answer 22

Increased Na, H, Ca and decreased K

Question 23

Where is the carotid sinus?

Answer 23

Superior to the bifurcation (split) of the common carotid, on the internal carotid A.

Question 24

What is the purpose of the carotid sinus?

Answer 24

It uses baroreceptors innervated by CN IX, to control ANS in response to blood pressure

Question 25

How many branches does the external carotid A. have?

Answer 25

8

Question 26

What are the external carotid arterial branches?

Answer 26

``` Superior thyroid Ascending pharyngeal Lingual Facial Occipital Posterior Auricular Maxillary Superficial temporal ```

Question 27

What are the branches of the facial artery?

Answer 27

Cervical: Ascending palatine, tonsilar, submental, glandular Facial: inferior labial, superior labial, lateral nasal, angular

Question 28

What are the 3 sections of the maxillary artery?

Answer 28

Mandibular, pterygoid, pterygopalatine

Question 29

What are the arterial branches off of the mandibular section of the maxillary artery?

Answer 29

Deep auricular, anterior tympanic, inferior alveolar (mental and mylohyoid), middle meningeal, accessory meningeal

Question 30

What are the arterial branches off of the pterygoid section of the maxillary artery?

Answer 30

Deep temporal, pterygoid branches, massateric, buccal

Question 31

What are the arterial branches off of the pterygopalaine section of the maxillary artery?

Answer 31

Posterior superior alveolar, descending palatine (greater and lesser), infraorbital, pharyngeal, artery of pterygoid canal, sphenopalatine

Question 32

Does the internal carotid have branches in the neck?

Answer 32

NO

Question 33

What are the 3 branches of the internal carotid artery?

Answer 33

Opthalmic, anterior cerebral and middle cerebral

Question 34

Describe the vertebral artery pathway

Answer 34

Vertebral arteries combine to form basilar -- anterior spinal, posterior inferior cerebellar, anterior inferior cerebellar, pontines, superior cerebella They then split to form posterior cerebrals that give off a posterior communicating branch

Question 35

Decreased posterior circulation due to intermittent vertebral artery occlusion -- during head extension and rotation due to atherosclerosis

Answer 35

Vertebrobasilar insuffiency

Question 36

What are some symptoms of vertebrobasilar insufficiency

Answer 36

Dizzy, double vision, numbness/weakness/loss of coordination, slurred speech, nausea

Question 37

What are some risk factors for vertebrobasilar insuffiency?

Answer 37

Smoking, obese, hypertension/hyperlipidemia, age > 50

Question 38

What is involved in the circle of willis?

Answer 38

Posterior communicating branch from the posterior cerebals, internal carotid, middle cerebral, anterior cerebrals joined via anterior communicating branch

Question 39

Proximal stenosis or occlusion of subclavian artery, which causes reverse blood flow through one side of the vertebral artery to supply UE

Answer 39

Subclavian steel syndrome

Question 40

Symptoms of subclavian steel syndrome?

Answer 40

syncope, different BPs in UE's, memory problems