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Neuroendocrine > Ear > Flashcards

Ear Flashcards

1
Q

What is the external ear composed of?

A

Elastic cartilage covered with integument

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2
Q

What is the lobule composed of?

A

NO cartilage, just loose connective tissue

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3
Q

What is the blood supply to the external ear?

A

Posterior auricular artery and superficial temporal artery both off of the external carotid

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4
Q

What is the sensory innervation for the external ear?

A

Auriculotemporal (v3) and greater auricular (c2,c3)

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5
Q

What type of glands does the external acoustic meatus contain?

A

Ceruminous glands - make wax

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6
Q

What does the external acoustic meatus lead to?

A

A canal that leads to the tympanic membrane

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7
Q

What is the function of the tympanic membrane?

A

Moves with sound and transmits to ossicles

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8
Q

What type of epithelium is the external surface of the tympanic membrane comprised of?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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9
Q

What type of epithelium is the internal surface of the tympanic membrane comprised of?

A

Simple cubiodal epithelium

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10
Q

What innervates the tympanic membrane?

A

Auriculotemporal (external) and branches of vagus (internal)

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11
Q

What can cause a perforated tympanic membrane?

A

Increase in middle ear pressure from fluid or barotrauma; or from external trauma

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12
Q

What should you not give patients with a perforated tympanic membrane?

A

Gentamicin

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13
Q

What separates the external ear and the middle ear?

A

Tympanic membrane

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14
Q

What are the 2 parts of the middle ear?

A

Epitympanic recess and tympanic cavity

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15
Q

Medial border of middle ear

A

Labyrinth wall

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16
Q

Anterior border of middle ear

A

carotid wall and opening of pharyngotympanic tube

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17
Q

Posterior border of middle ear

A

Mastoid wall

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18
Q

Floor of middle ear

A

Jugular wall

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19
Q

Roof of middle ear

A

Tegmental wall

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20
Q

What nerves can be seen running in the middle ear?

A

Chorda tympani and lesser petrosal nerve

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21
Q

What passes between malleus and incus?

A

Chorda tympani

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22
Q

What are the ossicles of the middle ear and what is their purpose?

A

Malleus, incus, stapes - amplify and transmit vibrations from tympanic membrane to oval window

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23
Q

What connects the tympanic cavity to the nasopharynx?

A

Pharyngotympanic tube (Eustachain tube)

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24
Q

Purpose of pharyngotympanic tube?

A

Equalize pressure

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25
Q

What is the pharyngotympanic tube made of?

A

Bone and mostly elastic cartilage

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26
Q

What muscles open the pharyngotympanic tube?

A

Tensor veli palatini, levator veli palatini, salpingopharyngeus

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27
Q

What are the muscles in the middle ear?

A

Tensor tympani and stapedius

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28
Q

What is the action and innervation of tensor tympani?

A

Action = reduce amplitude of sound by tensing tympanic membrane
IN: CN V

29
Q

What is the action and innervation of stapedius?

A

Action = Prevent excessive movement of stapes and reduce oscillatory range
IN: CN VII

30
Q

Otitis media

A

Middle ear infection, accumulation of fluid/pus that causes ear pain
Tympanic membrane appears red and swollen

31
Q

What happens if otitis media goes untreated?

A

Impaired hearing and scarred ossicles and possibly mastoiditis

32
Q

Mastoiditis

A

Infection of mastoid process cells that can spread into cranial fossa via petrosquamous cranial suture

33
Q

What 2 labyrinths does the inner ear consist of?

A

Bony and membranous

34
Q

Where is the membranous labyrinth?

A

Inside the bony labyrinth

35
Q

What fluid does the bony labyrinth contain and where does it drain?

A

Perilymph and it drains via perilymphatic duct (cochlear aqueduct) and into subarachnoid space

36
Q

What fluid does the membranous labyrinth contain and where does it drain?

A

Endolymph and it drains via endolymphatic duct and into dural venous sinuses

37
Q

Composition of perilymph?

A

Similar to CSF - high na, H, ca; and low K

38
Q

Composition of endolymph?

A

High K and low na

39
Q

Source of endolymph?

A

Stria vascularis

40
Q

Describe the setup of hair cells

A

Multiple stereocilia that increase in height along a certain direction with one kinocilia that is the tallest

41
Q

If the stereocilia are moved toward kinocilia what happens?

A

mechanoelectric K+ channels will open

42
Q

If the stereocilia are moved away from kinocilia what happens?

A

Mechanoelectric K+ channels will close

43
Q

What type of nerves supply hair cells?

A

Afferent and Efferent (modulate sensitivity)

44
Q

Where will you find hair cells?

A

Cochlear duct, macula, ampulla

45
Q

What do the hair cells interact with in the organ of corti to move back and forth?

A

Tectorial membrane

46
Q

What makes up the cochlea?

A

Scala vestibuli, scala media, and scala tympani

47
Q

What are scala vestibuli and scala tympani made of?

A

Perilymph

48
Q

What does the stapes vibrate on?

A

Oval window

49
Q

What does the stapes vibrations cause?

A

Fluid vibrations within the scala vestibuli and onward

50
Q

Cochlear duct

A

Scala media

51
Q

What vibrates with sound and helps to move the hair cells?

A

Basilar membrane

52
Q

Basilar membrane and hair cells in the scala media (cochlear duct) that senses sound

A

Organ of corti

53
Q

Where do high pitch/frequencies go on the basilar membrane?

A

Base - not very far down it

54
Q

Where do low pitch/frequencies go on the basilar membrane?

A

Apex - travel far down it

55
Q

Where are the utricle and saccule?

A

In the vestibule (bony labyrinth)

56
Q

What is housed within the utricle and saccule?

A

Each has a macula

57
Q

What does the macula do?

A

Senses gravity and linear acceleration

58
Q

Describe the setup of a macula

A

A gelatinous membrane = otolithic membrane that has calcium carbonate crystals on it = otoconia that both sit on top of hair cells

59
Q

What is within the semi-circular canals?

A

Semi-circular ducts

60
Q

What is within the semi-circular ducts?

A

Ampullas

61
Q

What do ampullas do?

A

Sense rotation and dynamic equilibrium

62
Q

What is the structure within the ampulla that gets pushed by endolymph when rotation occurs?

A

Cupulla

63
Q

Where does the cupulla sit?

A

On top of hair cells

64
Q

What makes up the inner ear?

A

Cochlea, vestibule, semi-circular canals

65
Q

Hearing loss that effects the external and middle ear

A

Conductive hearing loss

66
Q

Hearing loss that effects the inner ear, is noise and age related

A

Sensorineural hearing loss

67
Q

Hearing loss due to problems in the CNS

A

Central hearing loss

68
Q

Meniere’s syndrome

A

Increased endolymph volume that causes dizziness, vertigo, high-pitched rushing sound and some hearing loss

69
Q

Viral labyrinthitis

A

Same symptoms as meniere’s syndrome but is only present for about one week and then goes away

Neuroendocrine (47 decks)

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