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Histology of Endocrine Organs Flashcards

1
Q

2 ways to influence physiologic functions of other organs?

A

Nervous system OR Endocrine system

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2
Q

Describe the effects of nervous system induced changes to other organs

A

Fast communication but short lived effects

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3
Q

Describe the effects of endocrine system induced changes to other organs

A

Slower communication but longer lived effects

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4
Q

Can some neurons secrete hormones?

A

Yes

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5
Q

Hormonal release controlled by monitoring levels of ions

A

Humoral stimuli

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6
Q

Hormonal release stimulated by nerve signals

A

Neuronal stimuli

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7
Q

Hormonal release caused by a hormone secreted into bloodstream by other organ

A

Hormonal stimuli

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8
Q

What cell type are endocrine glands derived from?

A

Epithelial

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9
Q

Fenestrated blood vessels?

A

Contain pores

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10
Q

List Direct targets of hypothalamic hormones

A

Anterior pituitary
Kidney and Uterus (via release from posterior pituitary)
Adrenal medulla (via sympathetic innervation)

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11
Q

What does the hypothalamus release to target Indirect organs?

A

Tropic hormones = releasing or release-inhibiting hormones to the anterior pituitary

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12
Q

Another name for the anterior pituitary

A

Adenohypophysis

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13
Q

Another name for the posterior pituitary

A

Neurohypophysis

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14
Q

Both lobes of the pituitary gland come from different sources but are made of what tissue type?

A

Ectoderm

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15
Q

Anterior pituitary comes from?

A

Oral ectoderm

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16
Q

Posterior pituitary comes from?

A

Neuroectoderm

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17
Q

What are the 3 parts of the adenohypophysis?

A

Pars Distalis
Pars Intermedia
Pars Tuberalis

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18
Q

What are the parts of the neurohypophysis?

A

Pars Nervosa

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19
Q

What is the overall cell type of the anterior pituitary?

A

Glandular epithelial cells

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20
Q

In the pars distalis, list the acidphils

A

Somatotrophs

Mammotrophs

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21
Q

What color do the acidphils stain?

A

Lighter pink

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22
Q

In the pars distalis, list the basophils

A

Corticotrophs
Gonadotrophs
Thyrotrophs

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23
Q

What color do the basophils stain?

A

Darker purple

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24
Q

There is another cell in the anterior pituitary that does not really stain a certain color, what is it called and what is it’s function?

A

Chromophobes - function is unknown

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25
What can be seen in the pars nervosa, that appear bigger than the other cells?
Herring bodies
26
Function of herring bodies?
Expanded axonal nerve terminal that store ADH/oxytocin
27
What are pituicytes?
Supporting nerve fibers in the pars nervosa
28
Describe the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system
The hypothalamus releases its hormones into the primary capillary plexus, which sends them to hypophyseal portal veins at the anterior pituitary - Anterior pituitary then releases its hormones into the secondary capillary plexus
29
What covers the pineal gland?
Pia mater
30
What does the pineal gland synthesize?
Melatonin and seratonin
31
How do you detect the pineal gland on a CT?
Calcium phosphate crystals that arise in childhood
32
Main role of pineal gland?
Circadian rhythms
33
What does the thyroid gland consist of?
Follicles that contain follicular cells and colloid in the center
34
What type of cells are follicular cells?
Simple cuboidal/simple columnar
35
What does colloid contain?
Thyroglobulin
36
What is thyroglobulin?
Storage form of T3 and T4
37
Only gland to store a hormone outside of the cell?
Thyroid
38
Thyroglobulin has to be _____ to form T3 and T4
Iodinated
39
Where are parafollicular C cells?
Just outside the follicles of the thyroid gland
40
Job of parafollicular C cells?
Secrete calcitonin in response to high blood calcium levels
41
Graves disease
- Antibodies that cause over-secretion of T3 and T4 by binding to the TSH receptor - Elevated metabolism, high HR and protruding eyeballs
42
Hypothyroidism
- Insufficient T3 and T4 production due to follicle death | - Decreased metabolism, weight gain, lethargy, chilliness
43
Goiter
Thyroid gland enlargement due to iodine insufficiency
44
What types of cells are found in the parathyroid gland?
Chief cells and oxyphils
45
Function of chief cells in the parathyroid gland?
Secrete PTH
46
Function of oxyphils in the parathyroid gland?
Unknown
47
2 Parts to the Adrenal gland?
Adrenal cortex shell and inner core of Adrenal Medulla
48
3 zones of the Adrenal Cortex?
Zona Granulosa Zona Fasciculata Zona Reticularis
49
Influences sodium and potassium levels and releases Aldosterone
Zona Granulosa
50
Type of corticoid that Zona Granulosa relases
Mineralcorticoid
51
Influences glucose metabolism and immune system and releases Cortisol
Zona Fasciculata
52
Type of corticoid that Zona Fasciculata releases
Glucocorticoid
53
What does the Zona Reticularis release?
Androgens to influence secondary sex characteristics
54
What type of cell does the Adrenal Medulla consist of?
Chromaffin cells
55
What does the Adrenal medulla secrete?
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
56
Hyposecretary disorder involving mineralcorticoids and glucocorticoids
Addison's disease
57
Symptoms of Addison's disease
Severe dehydration, loss of appetite and fatigue
58
Hypersecretion of glucocorticoids due to possible ACTH tumor in the anterior pituitary or adrenal cortex tumor
Cushing's syndrome
59
Symptoms of Cushing's syndrome
High glucose, swollen face, buffalo hump, weight gain and muscle weakness
60
Exocrine cells of the pancreas
Pancreatic acini
61
Endocrine cells of the pancreas
Pancreatic islets/islets of Langerhans
62
Pancreas alpha cells release
Glucagon
63
Pancreas beta cells release
Insulin
64
Pancreas delta cells release
Somatostatin
65
Pancreas F cells release
Pancreatic polypeptide

Neuroendocrine (47 decks)

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