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Neuroendocrine > Histology of Endocrine Organs > Flashcards

Histology of Endocrine Organs Flashcards

1
Q

2 ways to influence physiologic functions of other organs?

A

Nervous system OR Endocrine system

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2
Q

Describe the effects of nervous system induced changes to other organs

A

Fast communication but short lived effects

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3
Q

Describe the effects of endocrine system induced changes to other organs

A

Slower communication but longer lived effects

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4
Q

Can some neurons secrete hormones?

A

Yes

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5
Q

Hormonal release controlled by monitoring levels of ions

A

Humoral stimuli

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6
Q

Hormonal release stimulated by nerve signals

A

Neuronal stimuli

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7
Q

Hormonal release caused by a hormone secreted into bloodstream by other organ

A

Hormonal stimuli

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8
Q

What cell type are endocrine glands derived from?

A

Epithelial

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9
Q

Fenestrated blood vessels?

A

Contain pores

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10
Q

List Direct targets of hypothalamic hormones

A

Anterior pituitary
Kidney and Uterus (via release from posterior pituitary)
Adrenal medulla (via sympathetic innervation)

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11
Q

What does the hypothalamus release to target Indirect organs?

A

Tropic hormones = releasing or release-inhibiting hormones to the anterior pituitary

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12
Q

Another name for the anterior pituitary

A

Adenohypophysis

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13
Q

Another name for the posterior pituitary

A

Neurohypophysis

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14
Q

Both lobes of the pituitary gland come from different sources but are made of what tissue type?

A

Ectoderm

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15
Q

Anterior pituitary comes from?

A

Oral ectoderm

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16
Q

Posterior pituitary comes from?

A

Neuroectoderm

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17
Q

What are the 3 parts of the adenohypophysis?

A

Pars Distalis
Pars Intermedia
Pars Tuberalis

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18
Q

What are the parts of the neurohypophysis?

A

Pars Nervosa

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19
Q

What is the overall cell type of the anterior pituitary?

A

Glandular epithelial cells

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20
Q

In the pars distalis, list the acidphils

A

Somatotrophs

Mammotrophs

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21
Q

What color do the acidphils stain?

A

Lighter pink

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22
Q

In the pars distalis, list the basophils

A

Corticotrophs
Gonadotrophs
Thyrotrophs

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23
Q

What color do the basophils stain?

A

Darker purple

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24
Q

There is another cell in the anterior pituitary that does not really stain a certain color, what is it called and what is it’s function?

A

Chromophobes - function is unknown

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25
Q

What can be seen in the pars nervosa, that appear bigger than the other cells?

A

Herring bodies

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26
Q

Function of herring bodies?

A

Expanded axonal nerve terminal that store ADH/oxytocin

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27
Q

What are pituicytes?

A

Supporting nerve fibers in the pars nervosa

28
Q

Describe the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system

A

The hypothalamus releases its hormones into the primary capillary plexus, which sends them to hypophyseal portal veins at the anterior pituitary
- Anterior pituitary then releases its hormones into the secondary capillary plexus

29
Q

What covers the pineal gland?

A

Pia mater

30
Q

What does the pineal gland synthesize?

A

Melatonin and seratonin

31
Q

How do you detect the pineal gland on a CT?

A

Calcium phosphate crystals that arise in childhood

32
Q

Main role of pineal gland?

A

Circadian rhythms

33
Q

What does the thyroid gland consist of?

A

Follicles that contain follicular cells and colloid in the center

34
Q

What type of cells are follicular cells?

A

Simple cuboidal/simple columnar

35
Q

What does colloid contain?

A

Thyroglobulin

36
Q

What is thyroglobulin?

A

Storage form of T3 and T4

37
Q

Only gland to store a hormone outside of the cell?

A

Thyroid

38
Q

Thyroglobulin has to be _____ to form T3 and T4

A

Iodinated

39
Q

Where are parafollicular C cells?

A

Just outside the follicles of the thyroid gland

40
Q

Job of parafollicular C cells?

A

Secrete calcitonin in response to high blood calcium levels

41
Q

Graves disease

A
  • Antibodies that cause over-secretion of T3 and T4 by binding to the TSH receptor
  • Elevated metabolism, high HR and protruding eyeballs
42
Q

Hypothyroidism

A
  • Insufficient T3 and T4 production due to follicle death

- Decreased metabolism, weight gain, lethargy, chilliness

43
Q

Goiter

A

Thyroid gland enlargement due to iodine insufficiency

44
Q

What types of cells are found in the parathyroid gland?

A

Chief cells and oxyphils

45
Q

Function of chief cells in the parathyroid gland?

A

Secrete PTH

46
Q

Function of oxyphils in the parathyroid gland?

A

Unknown

47
Q

2 Parts to the Adrenal gland?

A

Adrenal cortex shell and inner core of Adrenal Medulla

48
Q

3 zones of the Adrenal Cortex?

A

Zona Granulosa
Zona Fasciculata
Zona Reticularis

49
Q

Influences sodium and potassium levels and releases Aldosterone

A

Zona Granulosa

50
Q

Type of corticoid that Zona Granulosa relases

A

Mineralcorticoid

51
Q

Influences glucose metabolism and immune system and releases Cortisol

A

Zona Fasciculata

52
Q

Type of corticoid that Zona Fasciculata releases

A

Glucocorticoid

53
Q

What does the Zona Reticularis release?

A

Androgens to influence secondary sex characteristics

54
Q

What type of cell does the Adrenal Medulla consist of?

A

Chromaffin cells

55
Q

What does the Adrenal medulla secrete?

A

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

56
Q

Hyposecretary disorder involving mineralcorticoids and glucocorticoids

A

Addison’s disease

57
Q

Symptoms of Addison’s disease

A

Severe dehydration, loss of appetite and fatigue

58
Q

Hypersecretion of glucocorticoids due to possible ACTH tumor in the anterior pituitary or adrenal cortex tumor

A

Cushing’s syndrome

59
Q

Symptoms of Cushing’s syndrome

A

High glucose, swollen face, buffalo hump, weight gain and muscle weakness

60
Q

Exocrine cells of the pancreas

A

Pancreatic acini

61
Q

Endocrine cells of the pancreas

A

Pancreatic islets/islets of Langerhans

62
Q

Pancreas alpha cells release

A

Glucagon

63
Q

Pancreas beta cells release

A

Insulin

64
Q

Pancreas delta cells release

A

Somatostatin

65
Q

Pancreas F cells release

A

Pancreatic polypeptide

Neuroendocrine (47 decks)

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