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Neuroendocrine > Sensory Physiology > Flashcards

Sensory Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 ways you classify a peripheral nerve?

A

Based on their contribution to an action potential and

Based on their fiber diameter, myelin thickness and conduction velocity

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2
Q

What is the lettering for a peripheral nerves contribution to an action potential?

A

A, B, C waves

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3
Q

What is the classification for a peripheral nerves fiber diameter, myelin thickness and conduction velocity?

A

Classes I, II, III, and IV

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4
Q

How are the peripheral classification systems related?

A

The fiber’s conduction velocity directly determines the fibers contribution to an action potential

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5
Q

What are the afferent peripheral nerve classifications?

A

A alpha
A beta
A delta
C

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6
Q

What are the respective classes of the afferent peripheral nerves?

A

A alpha = Class 1A and 1B
A beta = Class II
A delta = Class III
C = Class IV

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7
Q

Describe the fiber diameter and conduction velocity for A alpha - Classes IA and IB fibers

A

Large fiber diameter and fast conduction velocity (80-120m/s)

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8
Q

Describe the fiber diameter and conduction velocity for C - Class IV fibers

A

Small fiber diameter and a slow conduction velocity (0.5-2m/s)

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9
Q

What are the motor efferent peripheral nerve classes?

A

A alpha, A gamma, B and C

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10
Q

What is receptor adaptation?

A

When a stimulus persists at a constant intensity and the neural response diminishes causing sensation to be lost over time

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11
Q

What is a slowly adapting receptor?

A

Receptors that respond to constant and prolonged stimulation

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12
Q

What is a rapidly adapting receptor?

A

Receptors that only respond when a stimulus begins or ends or when the stimulus intensity increases or decreases

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13
Q

What are the mechanoreceptor types that are involved in responding to touch, vibration, pressure and pain?

A

Meissner corpuscle, Pacinian corpuscle, Merkel Disk, Ruffini ending, hair follicle receptor and tactile free nerve ending

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14
Q

What are the rapidly adapting mechanoreceptors?

A

Pacinian corpuscle (very)
Meissner corpuscle
Hair follicle receptor

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15
Q

What are the slowly adapting mechanoreceptors?

A

Merkel disc
Ruffini ending
Tactile free nerve ending

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16
Q

An area of skin innervation supplied by a single mechanoreceptor

A

Receptive field

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17
Q

What is the 2 point discrimination test?

A

Applying 2 stimuli to the skin at the same time and testing a person’s ability to differentiate between just one or 2 stimuli as the stimuli are moved closer and closer together

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18
Q

What can the 2 point discrimination diagnose?

A

Peripheral sensory nerve deficiencies

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19
Q

Where is tactile acuity the highest and what size of a receptive field does it have?

A

Fingertips and lips - small receptive field

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20
Q

Where is tactile acuity the lowest and what size of a receptive field does it have?

A

Calf, back, thigh - large receptive field

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21
Q

Hypoaesthesia

A

Abnormal sensory response - diminished; detected with the 2 point discrimination test

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22
Q

Where is the primary somatosensory cortex?

A

Post central gyrus

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23
Q

Where is the secondary somatosensory cortex?

A

In the sylvian fissure

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24
Q

What are the inputs to the secondary somatosensory cortex?

A

From S1

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25
Q

Which somatosensory cortex has cognitive touch? (Ability to think about what you are touching)

A

S2

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26
Q

Where is the highest level of sensory interpretation occuring?

A

Parieto-Temporal-occipital association cortex (PTO)

- Receives sensory inputs from multiple areas

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27
Q

What is phantom limb pain?

A

Pain in a body part that is no longer there like in amputees

28
Q

What is the mechanism behind phantom limb pain?

A

Law of projection

29
Q

Describe the law of projection

A

No matter where along an afferent pathway that a stimulation is applied, the perceived sensation is still the origin
ex. Pathway is still somehow stimulated from absent leg to brain, and the brain perceives that the leg hurts though it is not there

30
Q

What are the 2 components of pain?

A

Unpleasant sensory AND emotional experience

31
Q

What is nociception?

A

The neural process of encoding noxious stimuli

32
Q

Increased pain from a stimulus that normally DOES produce pain

A

Hyperalgesia/Hypersensitivity

33
Q

Increased sensitivity to stimulation

A

Hyperaesthesia

34
Q

Pain due to a stimulus that does NOT normally produce pain - i.e. laying sheets on sunburned skin

A

Allodynia

35
Q

What are the afferent fibers that respond to pain evolving from sharp to dull/throbbing?

A

Sharp and quick = A delta

Slow to respond and dull/throbbing = C

36
Q

Phase 1 of pain involved A delta and Phase 2 involved C fibers, which one is myelinated?

A

A delta fibers - fast conduction

37
Q

What are nociceptors?

A

Receptors with an increased threshold that can transduce noxious stimuli

38
Q

What are the modalities of nociceptors?

A

Mechanical, chemical and thermal

39
Q

Are the modalities of nociceptors the same everywhere?

A

Nope, only the skin has thermal nociceptors; mechanical and chemical are found everywhere else such as the muscle, viscera and joints

40
Q

Where is referred pain likely coming from?

A

Viscera

41
Q

What are the reasons for referred pain?

A

The brain requires experience and training to know where the pain is coming from; viscera does not get that early enough
The afferents converge in the dorsal horn and mix

42
Q

What type of receptors sense noxious stimuli?

A

TRP

43
Q

What are the 3 TRP receptors?

A

TRP V1, TRP A1, TRP M8

44
Q

This TRP receptor is sensitive to capsaicin, bradykinin and heat greater than 43 degrees celsius

A

TRP V1

45
Q

This TRP receptor is sensitive to allyl isothiocyanate found in mustard oil and wasabi

A

TRP A1

46
Q

This TRP receptor is sensitive to menthol and noxious cold temps

A

TRP M8

47
Q

What TRP receptors does C fibers have?

A

TRP V1

48
Q

2 types of free nerve endings on c fibers or A delta fibers?

A

Peptidergic (C) or non-peptidergic (Adelta)

  • peptidergice express neuropeptides such as substance P/CGRP and are found in viscera
  • Non-peptidergic do not express them and are mostly cutaneous
49
Q

What are 2 ways nociceptors are modulated?

A

Gate Control Theory and Descending inhibition

50
Q

What is the main components of the gate control theory?

A

Rubbing the injured area to activate a A beta fiber that will slightly activate the inhibitory neuron to inhibit the C fiber from sending pain

51
Q

With descending inhibition, what NT’s inhibit C fibers from nociceptors?

A

NE and Serotonin (5HT)

52
Q

Reduces threshold of involved neurons to noxious stimuli and involves synaptic plasticity

A

Central sensitization

53
Q

This area in the brain interprets nociception and integrates all signals related to pain

A

Insular cortex

54
Q

Damage to the insular cortex can result in?

A

Asymbolia

55
Q

What is asymbolia?

A

Pain is experienced withOUT the unpleasantness emotional experience

56
Q

What area of the brain is an emotional component of the brain?

A

Amygdala

57
Q

Do lesions in any area associated with pain in the brain abolish it?

A

Nope, just alter experience of pain

58
Q

What do Meissner’s corpuscles sense?

A

Flutter, tapping, touch

59
Q

What do merkel’s discs sense?

A

Pressure

60
Q

What do pacinian corpuscles sense?

A

Vibration

61
Q

What do hair follicle receptors sense?

A

Direction of motion on skin

62
Q

What do ruffini corpuscles sense?

A

Stretch

63
Q

What do free tactile nerve endings sense?

A

Pain, temperature

64
Q

What receptors are only found in glaborous (non-hairy) skin?

A

M! = Meissner’s corpuscle and Merkel discs

65
Q

What receptors are found in both glaborous and hairy skin?

A

Pacinian, ruffini corpuscle

Neuroendocrine (47 decks)

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