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Neuroendocrine > Development of Orofacial structures > Flashcards

Development of Orofacial structures Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 categories of bones in the brain?

A

Neurocranium and Viscerocranium (facial bones)

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2
Q

What cell type produces the neurocranium and viscerocranium?

A

Mesenchyme (from NCC)

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3
Q

What are the 2 types of bone formation?

A

Intramembranous ossificiation (from mesenchyme) and Endochondral ossification (from cartilage)

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4
Q

What bones in the neurocranium are formed via endochondral ossification?

A

Occipital bone, body of sphenoid, ethmoid and parts of the temporal bone

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5
Q

What bones in the neurocranium are formed via intramembranous ossification?

A

Frontal and parietal bones

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6
Q

Frontal bone + parietal bones =

A

Calvaria

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7
Q

What connects bones in the neurocranium that are formed via intramembranous ossification?

A

SUTURES

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8
Q

What bones in the viscerocranium are formed from endochondral ossification?

A

PA bones – malleus, incus, stapes, styloid process, lesser and greater horns of hyoid

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9
Q

What bones in viscerocranium are formed from intramembranous ossification?

A

Within maxillary prominence: Squamous part of temporal, maxilla and zygomatic bones
Within mandibular prominence: mandible

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10
Q

What bones formed from mesenchyme in the viscerocranium becomes part of neurocranium?

A

Squamous part of temporal bone

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11
Q

Bones in babies skulls join too early; as the brain grows the skull deforms to allow growth in certain areas not fused

A

Craniosynostosis

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12
Q

What are the types of craniosynostosis?

A

Scaphocephaly, brachycephaly, plagiocephaly, trigonocephaly

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13
Q

Scaphocephaly

A

Premature closure of sagittal suture = skull to be long, narrow

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14
Q

Brachycephaly

A

Premature closure of coronal suture = high, tower like skull

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15
Q

Plagiocephaly

A

Premature closure of coronal or lambdoid sutures on one side = skull is twisted and asymmetric

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16
Q

Trigonocephaly

A

Premature closure of metopic (frontal) suture = frontal and occipital bones are malformed

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17
Q

What are the facial primordia and when do they appear?

A

Frontonasal prominence, 2 maxillary prominences and 2 mandibular prominences that appear during 4th week

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18
Q

Where do the maxillary and mandibular prominences come from?

A

PA 1

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19
Q

What separates the prominences from the cavity of primordial pharynx?

A

Oropharyngeal membrane

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20
Q

When does the oropharyngeal membrane rupture?

A

Day 26

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21
Q

Where do the facial primordia arise?

A

Around the stomodeum (opening of mouth)

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22
Q

What facial primordia grows first and where are they growing?

A

Mandibular prominence (MDP), all grow toward midline and towards each other

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23
Q

Bilateral oval thickenings of surface ectoderm on inferolateral portion of FNP

A

Nasal placodes

24
Q

What is created when the placodal edges of the nasal placode proliferate?

A

Medial and lateral nasal prominences

25
Q

What is formed between the MNP and LNP?

A

Nasal pit

26
Q

What does the nasal pit go on to form?

A

Nostrils and nasal cavities

27
Q

When do the facial primordia start to move?

A

End of 4th week, after day 26 when the oropharyngeal membrane ruptures

28
Q

What separates the maxillary prominence and the lateral nasal prominence?

A

Nasolacrimal groove

29
Q

When the MXP grow toward each other what happens?

A

The medial nasal prominences also grow toward each other with the MXPs

30
Q

when do the MNPs start to grow toward the midline?

A

End of 6th week

31
Q

Once the medial nasal prominences merge with each other, what is formed?

A

Intermaxillary segment

32
Q

What does the intermaxillary segment create?

A

Premaxillary part of maxilla, primary palate, core of philtrum of upper lip

33
Q

What separates the growing nasal sacs from the oral cavity?

A

Oronasal membrane that will eventually rupture so the cavities will connect

34
Q

How is the palate greated?

A

Primary palate + secondary palate = palate

35
Q

Primary palate

A

Median palatine process

36
Q

Secondary palate

A

Lateral palatine process or Palatal shelf

37
Q

What creates the lateral palatine processes?

A

MXPs

38
Q

Describe how the palatal shelves/lateral palatine processes grow

A

They start by extending inferiorly on each side of the tongue, as the mandible grows it pulls the tongue forward and down in the mouth and then the lateral palatine processes flip up horizontally where they fuse

39
Q

Lack of fusion between lateral palatine processes and nasal septum or median palatine process

A

Cleft palate

40
Q

Lack of fusion between the medial nasal prominence and maxillary prominence

A

Cleft lip

41
Q

when does the nasal septum fuse with the median and lateral palatine processes?

A

Weeks 9-12

42
Q

What arch contributes most to tongue development?

A

PA 1

43
Q

Describe PA 1’s contribution to tongue development

A

One median lingual swelling that gets overgrown by 2 lateral lingual swellings that fuse to create the oral part of the tongue

44
Q

Oral part of the tongue

A

Anterior 2/3

45
Q

What is mostly overgrown but the PA 2 contribute to the tongue

A

Copulla

46
Q

What do the PA3 and PA4 contribute to the tongue

A

Hypopharyngeal eminence

47
Q

Pharyngeal part of tongue

A

Posterior 1/3

48
Q

Line of fusion between anterior and posterior tongue

A

Terminal sulcus

49
Q

What nerves supply the anterior tongue?

A

Lingual (V3), chorda tympani (VII)

50
Q

What nerves supply the posterior tongue?

A

IX, X

51
Q

Incomplete fusion of lateral lingual swellings

A

Glossoschissis

52
Q

Frenulum is short and attached to tip of tongue

A

Ankyloglossia

53
Q

Excessively large tongue commonly seen in children with down’s syndrome

A

Macroglossia

54
Q

Tiny tongue commonly seen with micrognathia

A

Microglossia

55
Q

Where does the tongue musculature come from and what nerve supplies them?

A

Occipital myotomes; CN XII

Neuroendocrine (47 decks)

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