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Ap Biology > viruses > Flashcards

viruses Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

virus

A

non cellular infectious agent

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2
Q

characteristics of all viruses

A

1) protein coat wrapped around DNA or RNA (protein and nucleic acid)
2) cannot reproduce by itself (not a living thing)
3) rapid replication= rapid evolution
new phenotypes/protein coats

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3
Q

why are viruses not living things

A

not cells
cant reproduce
can have single stranded DNA and double stranded RNA

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4
Q

classification of viruses based on

A

type of protein coat (capsid)
nucleic acid type (RNA or DNA)
Envelope presence

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5
Q

size ranges for viruses

A

18nm-350nm

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6
Q

simple virus

A
  1. hollow protein shell
  2. protruding molecules that bind to host cell
    tricks cell into taking it in through the glycoprotein
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7
Q

complex virus

A

more parts
1. head, neck, tail
2. bacteriophage
injects DNA into host

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8
Q

enveloped virus

A

capsid surrounded
by layer of membrane
glycoproteins attach to receptors and convince to let in. Mail themselves in host cell membrane so makes them hard to find

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9
Q

nucleic acids for virus

A

Double/single stranded DNA
Double/single stranded RNA
Largest segment containing 4 genes

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10
Q

RNA virus =

A

retrovirus

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11
Q

RNA can be

A

used as a template to make viral mRNA (use the host to make copies) or copied into DNA by reverse transcriptase (converts viral RNA -> DNA)

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12
Q

why do retroviruses mutate faster than DNA virus

A

because RNA polymerase and reverse transcriptase have no proofreading

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13
Q

enveloped viruses makeup and process

A

wrapped in a layer of host cell membrane
Intermembrane viral glycoproteins protruding out of membrane bind to host cell (tricks host)
Protovirus DNA integrates by integrase into host DNA
New viruses can leave host cell without lysis. (makes host cell make copies and then releases)

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14
Q

HIV=

A

enveloped retrovirus

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15
Q

HIV virus binds to

A

cellular receptors on white blood cells called T cells

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16
Q

T cells

A

immune cells so immune deficiency

17
Q

HIV envelope retrovirus process

A

Protovirus integrates into T-cell DNA

We can not get to the protovirus in the nucleus so very difficult to treat

18
Q

what is HIV positive but no AIDS

A

when the protovirus remains inactive in the T-Cells for years. Can be activated when immune system low

19
Q

Viral Multiplication(component assembly model)

A

attachment, penetration,
replication and protein synthesis,
assembly,
release

20
Q

attachment

A

virus chemically recognizes host and locks on

21
Q

penetration

A

entire virus or virus DNA/RNA enters host cell

22
Q

Replication & protein synthesis

A

of Viral genes makes viral proteins and DNA/RNA

23
Q

assembly

A

new viruses put together into capsid

24
Q

release

A

new viruses leave host cell either burst out through lysis or just leave through exocytosis

25
Q

viral multiplication lytic pathway

A

steps proceed rapidly and end in lysing of the cell, bursting.

26
Q

lysogenic pathway

A

Viral DNA integrated into host DNA
Viral DNA copied each time host cell divides
Latent period
Stimulus (depresses immune system) causes switch to lytic cycle and symptoms appear
can give new properties to host cells

27
Q

latent period

A

= no symptoms but more and more host cells are becoming infected

28
Q

example of lysogenic pathway

A

type 1 herpes simplex, cold sores

29
Q

example of giving new properties to host cell in lysogenic pathways

A

cut into cell so can cut certain genes, results in Increased pathogenicity (worse symptoms) in bacteria

30
Q

transduction

A

Bacterial genes transferred from one bacteria to another via virus particles

31
Q

Viral proteins mutate rapidly due to

A

replication & transcription errors
rapid reproduction rates
obtaining genes from other viruses that occupy the same host cell – ex: bird flu and swine flu

32
Q

why do we need new shots for viruses

A

mutate rapidly so need New shots to help immune system recognize the changed virus

33
Q

prions

A

proteins in nervous system

34
Q

infectious prions

A

Infectious prions are misfolded
Misfolded prions deposit in brain
Misfolded prions can cause normal prions to misfold
Infectious Prions not destroyed by cooking!

35
Q

mad cow disease =

A

BSE

36
Q

beef infected with BSE can cause

A

vCDJ in humans, cause human prions to misfold

37
Q

where is mad cow found in

A

Brains and spinal tissue of a cow

Ap Biology (33 decks)

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