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Ap Biology > gene control eukaryotic > Flashcards

gene control eukaryotic Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

transcription control

A

chromatin structure regulation- inactivates 75 percent by changing into chromatid
transcription initiation control- do you let rna polymerase bind or no

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2
Q

post transcription control

A

RNA transcript processing
mRNA degradation- breaking down
Translation initiation- hold mRNA, block it

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3
Q

post translational control

A

allosteric Protein, Protein processing, Protein degradation

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4
Q

chromatin structure control

A

Heterochromatin
acetylation
DNA methylation

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5
Q

Heterochromatin

A

Chromatin that remains tightly compacted even in interphase

genes not transcribed- ex barr bodies

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6
Q

acetylation

A

acetyl group (-COCH3) bonded to histone
loosens up chromatin winding
promotes transcription

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7
Q

DNA methylation

A

. –CH3 bonds to DNA blocking transcription
methylated regions passed on to daughter
cells

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8
Q

which chromatin structure controls are passed on

A

heterochromatin

DNA methylation, acetylation NOT passed on

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9
Q

control elements

A

non-coding DNA up-stream from promotor that bind transcription factor proteins

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10
Q

initiation control

A 
control elements (distal and proximal) 
transcription factors
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11
Q

distal control elements

A

are far up-stream

often act as enhancers (DNA),Each enhancer works with only one gene ,

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12
Q

proximal control elements

A

near promotor

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13
Q

transcription factors

A

proteins needed for transcription initiation, regulatory protein binds control elements

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14
Q

general transcription factors (GTF)

A

needed for all transcription of genes
allow slow (repressors) or fast (activators) transcription of genes
One protein of the GTF will bind to a
section of promotor called the TATA box

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15
Q

initiation complex

A

GTFs bind each other & RNA Polym. II to form initiation complex

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16
Q

what does initiation complex bind to

A

Initiation complex binds to control elements near promotor: start transcription

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17
Q

specific transcription factors

A

needed for rapid transcription of gene

18
Q

Things part of DNA

A

control elements
enhancers
TATA box
promotor

19
Q

enhancers

A

distal (far) control elements, can be activated or repressed by transcription factor proteins

20
Q

TATA box

A

section of promotors code

21
Q

promotor

A

just upstream from start of gene, where RNA polymerase binds to start transcription

22
Q

Things that are proteins

A

transcription factors

mediator proteins

23
Q

mediator proteins

A

form link between regulatory proteins and DNA

24
Q

transcription factors called activator proteins bind

A

enhancer control elements

25
Q

fold DNA so that the activator protein/enhancer complex binds to

A

initiation complex to speed up transcription

26
Q

how do repressors slow transcription

A

by binding to distal control elements and keeping activators out or By binding to activator proteins

27
Q

GTF go with

A

proximal

28
Q

STF go with

A

distal

29
Q

5.coordination of functionally related genes

A

same DNA sequences in one of their control elements

one general transcription factor can activate all the genes

30
Q

post transcription control

A

RNA processing
mRNA degradation
Translation initiation control

31
Q

RNA processing

A

alternative splicing
poly A tail length
cap designation

32
Q

Translation initiation control

A

proteins bond to mRNA prevent initiation
egg mRNA
global control : lack of initiation factor (egg)

33
Q

Post Translation Control : Protein Processing/degradation

A

Allosteric control or activation by phosphate
protein processing
a. inactive form cut to activate (pro-insulin)
b. glycoproteins, lipoproteins
selective degradation
a. ubiquitin

34
Q

ubiquitin

A

= protein attached to proteins tags them for destruction

35
Q

noncoding RNA

A

dont code for protein
microRNA
small interfering RNA
ncRNA affect heterochromatin formation

36
Q

microRNAs (miRNAs)

A

complexes w/ proteins
binds to complementary mRNA
stops translation or trigger degradation

37
Q

small interfering RNA (siRNA)

A

turn off gene expression

Used in knock-out experiments

38
Q

monitoring gene expression to see which cells are using a gene to do

A

in situ hybridization (in situ = in place)

39
Q

Monitoring gene expression

A

need to detect mRNA made from that gene,
he mRNA from the gene of interest = template
fluorescent dye added to probe
probe added to solution around embryo
probe hybridizes to target mRNA & concentrates in cells that are using the gene of interest

40
Q

hybridization

A

= bonding complementary bases to a template

41
Q

complementary strand

A

= probe (DNA or RNA

Ap Biology (33 decks)

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